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The hydraulic performance of clay barriers for isolating hazardous waste products depends on the experimentally determined hydraulic conductivity. While the large majority of a cross section of dense smectite clay is nearly impermeable because of the immobility of the sorbed porewater, there are narrow, tortuous channels that are more or less continuous. They contain less dense clay gels that let water through under hydraulic gradients. Applying the 3Dchan code one finds fair agreement between theoretical and experimental hydraulic conductivities for smectite-rich clay if hydraulic gradients of 30-50 are used, while flow experiments using very high gradients give much lower conductivities. The discrepancy can be explained by the high flow rate in the channels by which particles are moved, causing clogging. The process is illustrated by using FEM analysis of the flow rate distribution and by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Numerical Calculation of the Rate and Distribution of Porewater Flow in Clay used for Isolating Hazardous Waste