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OBJECTIVES  The objective of this study was to evaluate the present status of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province in southern Iraq, and to determine the presence of  Entamoeba histolytica  and  Entamoeba dispar  with nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).    METHODS  Epidemiological data were obtained from the public health department of the Thi-Qar Health Office (2015-2020). Eighty stool samples were also randomly collected from patients ≤12 year of age with diarrhea at 2 hospitals between the beginning of February 2020 and the end of October 2020. These samples were selected after microscopy to identify the  18S rRNA  gene in  Entamoeba  DNA.    RESULTS  Of the 341,554 cases of intestinal parasitic infections, 38,004 (11.1%) individuals were recorded as having amoebiasis, which accounted for the highest proportion of infections in 2015 (26.1%) and the lowest in 2020 (8.1%). Amoebiasis was distributed among all age groups, with the age group of 5-14 years accounting for the highest proportion (27.3%). In molecular testing, 42 (52.5%) out of 80 samples were positive for the  18S rRNA  gene (888 bp). Using nested PCR,  E. histolytica  (439 bp) was detected in 25 (31.3%) samples and  E. dispar  (174 bp) in 14 (17.5%), while using real-time PCR,  E. histolytica  and  E. dispar  were detected in 28 (35.0%) and 15 (18.8%) samples, respectively.    CONCLUSIONS  Epidemiological data confirmed that amoebiasis is endemic in this province, and is not limited to certain months. Our study confirms the applicability of molecular identification to detect pathogenic and non-pathogenic  Entamoeba  to prescribe the appropriate drug.

epidemiology and health

The epidemiology of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq (2015-2020): differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction