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Though genetic mutations of genes were traditionally thought as the origin of cancer, the profoundly distorted epigenetic landscape presented in cancer cells has recently been dominating cancer research. Great progress has been made in the description of epigenetic modifications in normal and cancer tissues as exemplified by the phenomenal discoveries: Associated with cancer is DNA hypomethylation at repetitive sequences and the promoters of certain oncogenes in parallel with DNA hypermethylation at specific CpG islands and CpG island shores of promoters of cancer suppressor genes and other genes involved in the main cellular pathways including DNA repair, vitamin response, Ras signaling, cell cycle control and apoptosis [1]. On the other hand, global DNA is statistically hypomethylated in many cancer tissues as compared with normal tissues [2]. Cytosine methylation is achieved by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) in the presence of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) and the methyl mark can be removed (demethylation) by oxidation with enzyme Tet1 in the presence of cofactors αKG and Fe (II) to form 5-hydroxylmethyl cytosine (5hmC), 5-fromyl-cytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxyl cytosine (5caC) followed by decarboxylation through base excision repair (BER) utilizing thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) pathways [3]. In addition, all these cytosine derivatives could lead to either replicationdependent passive demethylation or active demethylation via excision by DNA glycosylases (TDG, SMUG1) followed by BER or even directly reciprocal conversion between 5hmC and C (Figure 1) [4-6]. However, how these DNA demethylation intermediate products are differentially distributed and regulated in normal and cancer cells is not clear, except emerging lines of evidence that 5-hydroxyl cytosine is absent in many cancer cells while rich in neuron stem cells [7] implicate the possibility of cancer originating from irregular epigenetic regulation in stem cell maintenance and differentiation.

Mass Spectrometry in Epigenetic Studies on Disease: Current Progress,Limitation, and Prospective