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Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species and which can  be transmissible to humans. It is caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 virus which, with viruses of the other  eight serotypes (avian paramyxovirus 1-9) has been placed in the genus Avulavirus, sub-family Paramyxovirinae,  family Paramyxoviridae. Virulent Newcastle disease virus strains are endemic in poultry in most of Asia, Africa, and  some countries of North and South America. Other countries, including the united states of America and Canada,  are free of those strains in poultry. Highest prevalence of Newcastle disease is recorded in cross breeds of chickens  than local breed and the low altitudes do have higher prevalence than the mid and high altitudes. The transmission  of Newcastle disease occurs through respiratory aerosols, exposure to fecal and other excretions from infected  birds, through newly introduced birds, selling and giving away sick birds and contacts with contaminated feed, water,  equipment and clothing. The strain of Newcastle pathogenicity can be classified into five pathotype: Asymptomatic  enteric strain; Lentogenic strain; Mesogenic stain; Viscerotropic velogenic strain and Neurotropic velogenic strain.  Clinical signs are extremely variable depending on the strain of virus, species and age of bird, concurrent disease,  and preexisting immunity caused by paramixovirus with worldwide distribution affecting chickens (all poultry and  birds are susceptible) of All age group are susceptible. Symptoms from the respiratory tract are gasping, coughing,  sneezing and rales. Signs from the nervous system include tremors, paralyzed wings and legs, twisted necks,  circling, clonic spasms and sometimes complete paralysis. Other general symptoms that can be seen are greenish  diarrhea, depression and inappetence, partial or complete drop in egg production and an increased production of  deformed eggs. Clinical diagnosis based on history, signs and lesions may establish a strong index of suspicion but  the laboratory confirmation must be done. The general approaches to the control of Newcastle disease are hygiene  and vaccination. Humans are among the many species that can be infected by Newcastle disease in addition  to avian species. Newcastle disease may cause conjunctivitis in humans, when a person has been exposed to  large quantities of the virus. Mostly, Laboratory workers and vaccinators are affected. Recently, the disease which  decreases the development of poultry production for industry is the infectious diseases, among infection disease  Newcastle is the one which causes economical lose of poultry and its product. The objective of this review is to  understand the Newcastle disease causative agent, pathogenicity, clinical sign and how to prevent and control the Newcastle disease, which concerned with the currently published or reported research.

Review on Newcastle Disease of Poultry and its Public Health Importance