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The outbreak of powdery mildew disease in greenhouse tomatoes first occurred in 1998 (Kashimoto et al., 2003). Since then, tomato plants have commonly suffered from this infection. We have examined the pathogens and traced their successional changes in greenhouse tomatoes. We used both direct and consecutive observation of conidiogenesis induced by the pathogens using a high-fidelity digital microscope and inoculation of the isolated pathogens into tester plants involving both common and wild tomato plants. The digital microscope was applied to pathogens living on leaves without any fixation or staining (Matsuda et al., 2005), allowing us to collect living conidia that formed on conidiophores after observation. We next examined the infectivity of isolated single conidia. Some lines of wild tomato species were used to evaluate the infectivity of the isolated powdery mildew pathogens (Lebeda et al., 2002; Lindhout et al., 1994). In our routine cultivation, a highly susceptible commercial tomato cultivar (Solunum lycopersicum, cv. Moneymaker) and three wild tomato lines (S. peruvianum LA2172, S. arcanum LA1351 and S. hirsutum LA1777) were rotated in the same greenhouse, and the pathogens naturally infecting the susceptible plants were tested for their survival or extinction on wild tomato plants. Wild tomato seeds were obtained from the TGRC (Tomato Genetic Resource Center, CA, USA). Using these methods, we obtained an isolate (KTP-02) of Oidium neolycopersici (Seifi et al., 2012) that could be distinguished from the original prevailing pathogen (KTP-01) (Kashimoto et al., 2003). In this study, we also described the isolation of powdery mildew pathogens (KTP-03 and -04) from each other and other pathogens. We targeted conidiophores for digital microscopic specification because conidial pseudochains on conidiophores can easily be detected (Oichi et al., 2006). Pseudochain formation was common in the tomato powdery mildew pathogens (Jones et al., 2001; Kiss et al., 2001), and the number of constituent conidial cells in the pseudochains were inherited by the progenies (Nonomura et al., 2009; Oichi et al., 2006). In the first experiment (April to June, 2009), a total of 400 susceptible tomato plants (Moneymaker, 1-month-old seedlings) were hydroponically cultured in a wind-open greenhouse. In our system for detection of newly emerging tomato powdery mildews, we routinely surveyed the occurrence of powdery mildew colonies on greenhouse tomatoes. Once the powdery mildew symptoms were visible on tomato leaves, pathogens were examined in terms of their

Successional Changes in Powdery Mildew Pathogens Prevailing in Common and Wild Tomato Plants Rotation-cultivated in a Greenhouse