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The flow of granular materials is important in the field of material handling. However, there are many unknown factors in analyzing these flows. Constitutive relations (stress and strain rate relations) are needed to describe the flow dyna macs of granular materials. We experimentally obtained the constitutive relations of granular materials by using a chute-type shear apparatus. The chute in which the granular material is contained and covered by a top board, can be moved on straight rails, while the top board is loaded vertically and is fixed at rest. The shear stresses, normal stresses and strain rates which were measured by using the chute type shear apparatus give the constitutive relations of the granular materials. The experimental results describe well the flow characteristics (e. g. the stress ratio of shear to normal stresses is proportional to the strain rate, etc.) under the condition in which the friction forces between granular materials dominate.

The Experimental Stress-Strain Rate Relationsship of Granular Materials.