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Our objectives were to determine various factors influencing upfront single and multiple ovulation in response to GnRH in a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol and subsequent fertility after altering timing of the second GnRH injection and AI relative to PGF2α injection. Replacement heifers (n = 86) and 613 lactating cows previously inseminated were diagnosed not pregnant at biweekly intervals to form 77 breeding clusters spanning 36 months. At not-pregnant diagnosis (day 0), females received 100 μg of GnRH, and they received 25 mg of PGF2α 7 days later. Females in 2 treatments received GnRH 48 hr (G48) after PGF2α injection and TAI at the time of the second GnRH injection (G48 + TAI48) or 24 hr later (G48 + TAI72). Females in the third treatment received GnRH 72 hr after PGF2α, when inseminated (G72 + TAI72). Ovaries of females in 65 clusters were scanned at day 0 (first GnRH injection) and 7 days later (PGF2α injection). Ovarian structures were mapped, and ovulation in response to the first GnRH injection was detected on day 7. When estrus was detected before scheduled TAI, females were inseminated; otherwise TAI conception of remaining females was based on timing of GnRH and AI in 3 treatments. On day 7, 1 or more luteal structures (CL) were detected in 46% of females. Conception rate was 26.5% (98/701) in females that showed estrus and were inseminated early. Pregnancy rate was greater in females that ovulated after the first GnRH injection (day 0) and during nonsummer months. Compared with females in late diestrus at nonpregnant diagnosis, cows in early diestrus or those with functional cysts had greater pregnancy rates, but rates were not different from those of cows in proestrus or in metestrus or anestrus. Pregnancy rates did not differ among treatments, but a tendency was detected for a treatment × lactation number interaction. In heifers and first-lactation cows, the G72 + TAI72 treatment produced fewer pregnancies, whereas G48 + TAI48 treatment was least efficacious in older cows. In a TAI protocol for previously inseminated dairy females that are diagnosed not pregnant, subsequent timed AI pregnancy rates are greater when females are in early diestrus, ovulate in response to the first GnRH injection, or both.

Resynchronization of ovulation and conception in nonpregnant dairy cows and heifers