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The world’s forests and forestry sector are facing unprecedented biological, political, social and climatic challenges. The development of appropriate, novel forest management and restoration approaches that adequately consider uncertainty and adaptability are hampered by a continuingfocus on production of a few goods or objectives, strong control of forest structure and composition, and most importantly the absence of a global scientific framework and long-term vision. We argue here that viewing forest ecosystems as complex adaptive system provides a better alternative for both productionand conservation-oriented forests and forestry. We propose a set of broad principles and changes to increase the adaptive capacity of forests in the face of future uncertainties. These span from expanding the sustained-yield, single-good paradigm to developing policy incentives and interventions that promote self-organization and integrated social-ecological adaptation.

Complexity science guided management of forests: viewing forests as complex adaptive systems in an uncertain world