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Forests act as a huge sink for C accumulation, containing 80 % of above-ground and 40 % of below-ground C, and are responsible for 60-70 % of net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, their importance rely to the important contribution, around 70 %, on gas exchanges between biosphere and atmosphere. The three main green-house gases (GHG) emitted from forest ecosystems are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which contribute for around 60 %, 20 % e 6 %, respectively, to the global warming. Several processes are involved in GHG production and emission: autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, methanogenesis, nitrification and denitrification. These processes depend on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, which influence either the dimension or the direction of gas exchanges between forests and atmosphere, determining the GHG accumulation and release capacity of forest ecosystems, acting as sink or source. Therefore, the type of soil and its physical, chemical and biological characteristics, influencing both the substrates availability and their accessibility to microbial communities involved in the GHGs production, are important drivers of emissions and should be considered in further studies. The understanding of such processes is fundamental to adopt appropriate management options to reduce GHG emissions from forests. In particular, forest management strategies related to afforestation and reforestation intervention, to the recovery of degraded forests and to forest plantations should aim at the reduction of GHG emissions, contributing to improve the climate change mitigation potential of such ecosystems.

Processes involved in green-house gas emissions and mitigation potential of forest soil