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For over a hundred years chronic prostatitis was consi­ dered an infectious disease of bacterial origin and when antibiotics became available it was believed that it would probably be relegated to the wastebasket of cured diseases [1]. However, despite this promise, antibiotics did not cure most of the patients with prostatitis and with better understanding of microbiology, uropathogenicity and the condition itself, we came to the conclusion that perhaps it was not caused by bacteria or other infectious agents after all. We finally defined the condition of National Institutes of Health (NIH) category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) by the absence of bacterial infection by a recognized uropathogen identified using traditional culture techniques as a cause for the chronic pain and urinary symptoms. This left the door open to further discoveries that infection might play a role in the etiology or pathogenesis of CP/CPPS (using other methods etc). In fact, it has only been several decades when a disease believed to be due to genetics, increased gastric acidity and stress, was discovered to be due to Helicobacter pylori and gastritis is now treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy instead of radical surgery. Could there be a microorganism cause for CP/CPPS, but we just cannot identify it? Clinically we isolate uropathogens from voided urine or expressed prostatic secretion on specific nutritive media and under environmental conditions that do not support growth of many possible bacterial species. Chronic bacterial infections have been shown to be associated with a biofilm mode of growth that is highly recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and difficult to culture [2]. Or could we be missing an unknown (never discovered) or unrecognized organism (perhaps an organism not recognized as a uropathogen) as the cause. Molecular techniques, that do not rely on bacterial growth in vitro, including molecular­phylogenetic approaches based on 16S RNA PCR techniques have resulted in conflicting conclusions regarding the contributions of infectious agen­ Is chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome an infectious disease of the prostate? Editorial