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As a solution to the environmental and natural disaster monitoring and detection, we propose an energy efficient large-scale autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that can withstand the limited battery lifetime problem. Hereto, an energy-harvesting (EH) aware clustering technique is introduced using a knowledge-based inference approach for selecting cluster heads using fuzzy petri nets with three level hierarchy. Our EH mechanism endorses the sensor nodes with hybrid sources EH giving a potential boost for the network life. The robustness of our WSN is addressed by introducing a primary and a secondary backups for each level to reduce the frequency of reclustering. Finally, an opportunistic energy harvesting aware transmission technique is presented to enhance the network life-time. The performance of this scheme is evaluated against the famous clustering techniques, where the proposed algorithms extend the WSN field life-time significantly. Received on 19 January 2015; accepted on 21 February 2015; published on 17 September 2015

Energy Harvesting Aware Clustering and Opportunistic Transmission with Fuzzy Petri Net Reasoning