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Respiratory gas exchange is a vital activity for many organisms including human being. Through respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) is exhaled for the exchange of oxygen (O2) from the air. At the cellular level, O2 is used to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with the production of CO2. In the resting state, a healthy adult consumes about 550 L of pure oxygen and produces over 2 pounds (~0.91 kg) of CO2 every day (Jequier et al., 1987). Given that continuous production of ATP is absolute essential for both cell survival and conduction of normal cellular function, exchange of O2 and CO2 at both the respiratory and cellular levels is critical. The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of cells that performs most cellular oxidations and produces majority of ATP (Cheng et al., 2015; d'Esterre et al., 2015; Jing et al., 2015; Shenoda, 2015; Alhadidi et al., 2016). Mitochondria are unusual organelles with two membranes and their own genome. It is believed that the mitochondrial outer membrane has many protein-based pores that are big enough to allow the passage of ions and molecules as large as small proteins. On the other hand, the inner membrane has much more restricted permeability as the plasma membrane of the cell (Mannella, 1992). As the site for main cellular respiration processes of citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria matrix are not only the final destiny for O2 but also the site for CO2 production. O2 and CO2 have to be transported across the cellular membrane, the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane to reach the destiny or release out of the cell. The classical concept of the plasma membranes is extremely permeable to gases, which has been extended to the solubility-diffusion mechanism for the gas transport across plasma membrane, including O2 and CO2 (Finkelstein, 1976; Harch, 2015; Katz et al., 2015; Langston and Toombs, 2015; Parra et al., 2015; Stoller, 2015). It is generally believed that both O2 and CO2 molecules are transport across the plasma membrane through diffusion. Nonetheless, the O2 permeability coefficient for the plasma membrane has been found to be two times lower than that for a water layer of the same thickness as the membrane (Subczynski et al., 1992). Furthermore, plasma membrane has been found to be even less permeable for CO2 (Boron et al., 1994; Waisbren et al., 1994; Endeward and Gros, 2005). Thus, trans-membrane CO2 and O2 channels might serve as an alternative mechaEDITORIAL

For the pursuit of oxygen and carbon dioxide channels in mitochondria