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Detailed mechanisms behind regeneration after nerve injury, in particular signal transduction and the fate of Schwann cells (SCs), are poorly understood. Here, we investigated axotomy-induced activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2; important for proliferation) and m-calpain in vitro , and the relation to Ca 2+ deletion and Schwann cell proliferation and death after rat sciatic nerve axotomy. Nerve segments were cultured for up to 72 hours with and without ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In some experiments, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was added during the last 24 hours to detect proliferating cells and propidium iodide (PI) was added at the last hour to detect dead and/or dying cells. Immunohistochemistry of sections of the cultured nerve segments was performed to label m-calpain and the phosphorylated and activated form of ERK1/2. The experiments revealed that immunoreactivity for p-ERK1/2 increased with time in organotypically cultured SCs. p-ERK1/2 and m-calpain were also observed in axons. A significant increase in the number of dead or dying SCs was observed in nerve segments cultured for 24 hours. When deprived of Ca 2+ , activation of axonal m-calpain was reduced, whereas p-ERK1/2 was increased in SCs. Ca 2+ deprivation also significantly reduced the number of proliferating SCs, and instead increased the number of dead or dying SCs. Ca 2+ seems to play an important role in activation of ERK1/2 in SCs and in SC survival and proliferation. In addition, extracellular Ca 2+ levels are also required for m-calpain activation and up-regulation in axons. Thus, regulation of Ca 2+ levels is likely to be a useful method to promote SC proliferation.

Ca2+ involvement in activation of extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase 1/2 and m-calpain after axotomy of the sciatic nerve

Ca²⁺ involvement in activation of extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase 1/2 and m-calpain after axotomy of the sciatic nerve