Sperm morphology and reproductive success

fertilization potential, decisions on how to improve sperm morphology remain difficult to address. Smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake and drug use can affect fertility; however, a conclusive connection between these factors and sperm morphology has not been demonstrated. Furthermore, use of dietary supplements and vitamins has not been shown to directly affect sperm morphology. While previous studies have found that varicocele repair improves strict morphology4,5 with changes observed as early as 3 months following surgery,6 these results are also still controversial.7 Large-scale studies are needed focusing on the importance of sperm morphology on both natural and artificial fertilization outcomes to obtain final conclusive proof as to its role in fertility.