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Background: Primary recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is characterized by relentless suppurative cholangitis in those with a suspected parasitic injury of the biliary tree. Prior work has demonstrated that the infections recur following "definitive" biliary surgery and long-term percutaneous biliary catheters are poorly tolerated. The aim of this study was to assess whether scheduled surveillance endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) prevents cholangitis in those with RPC. Materials and Methods: Following initial biliary decompression and stone clearance, patients with RPC were offered serial ERCP every 3-6 months to remove accumulating stony debris and to dilate incipient strictures. Review of a large series managed using this approach at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center was performed. The principle outcome was the development of acute cholangitis requiring hospitalization and whether the episode occurred, while the RPC patient was in compliance with endoscopic surveillance recommendations. Results: Over a period of 10 years, 66 patients with primary RPC were managed for RPC at the University of California, San Francisco. The patients were comprised primarily of first-generation immigrants from Asia though one-quarter had migrated from Latin America and Russia. Episodes of cholangitis were significantly less likely to occur in those undergoing surveillance biliary endoscopy than in those who were not (odds ratio 5.3; P = 0.005) . The mean follow-up was 36.1 months. Conclusions: Serial endoscopic treatment of RPC may be used to systematically clear biliary debris and decreases the risk of cholangitis requiring hospitalization. It represents a reasonable initial management strategy for these patients. Surgery and percutaneous management may also be required, but are best performed as part of a multidisciplinary approach

Long-term endoscopic management for primary recurrent pyogenic cholangitis