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Neurological diseases are characterized by high frequency of disability and mortality with pathogenesis largely unknown. Genetic, refractory, and rare diseases account for a large proportion of neurological diseases; sympathetically, limited curable treatments are available. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders. The diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders have made significant progress in recent years, especially in the past two decades with the rapid development of technology. For example, regarding acute ischemic stroke, the disability, mortality, and recurrence rate were notably decreasing with the improvement of intravenous and intra‐artery treatment and with the emphasis on secondary prevention in recent years worldwide. More surprisingly, gene therapy is emerging as a powerful approach to help patients suffering from gene defects with the potential to treat and even cure the genetic disorders. Almost at the same time, remarkable changes have been made in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neurological diseases in China. Even more importantly, China is a country having very large geographical areas with disequilibrium of economic development and having enormous population covering diversified cultures and customs. Therefore, risk factors and spectrum for some of the neurological disease are different from Western countries. Hereby in this paragraph, we reviewed the progression of neurological diseases in the recent two decades and further compared the differences between China and Western countries. The comparison will help medical practitioners and researchers to better understand the gap, to make better medical decisions for patients, and to encourage progress in research field. stroke and cerebrovascular dIsease Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide, and a major global cause of disability.[1] There are significant geographical differences in stroke burden by regions and country income levels. In the past two decades, within Western countries, there has been a great reduction in stroke incidence, mortality, mortality‐to‐incidence ratios, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) lost, which could be explained by the good health services and strategies for stroke prevention and medical care in these countries. Conversely, in China, stroke incidence has increased, and mortality‐to‐incidence ratios and DALYs lost are much higher than those in high‐income countries. Although reductions in stroke mortality have taken place globally, compared to the high‐income countries, a two‐fold higher stroke mortality rate was observed in the low‐income and middle‐income countries.

The Discrepancy of Neurological Diseases between China and Western Countries in Recent Two Decades