English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population and is substantially increased in the presence of hypertension.[1] Over the past decades advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD, leading to decreased mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) among non-diabetic men and women as well as among diabetic men.[2] However, diabetic women have not enjoyed the benefits of these advanced therapeutic options for CHD and mortality has increased among diabetic women over the past three decades, compared to diabetic men.[2] While women with diabetes have had higher burden of both traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors, compared to men,[3-5] these facts have not explained the lack of decline, let alone the actual increase in CHD mortality among diabetic women over the past three decades.[2] Therefore, several studies have been conducted, including one by our group, to investigate whether differences in health care delivery would provide partial explanation for the poor control of CVD risk factors among diabetic women compared to men.[6-9] Our study was conducted in seven medical centers across four US cities and involved 2,789 diabetic men and women.[8] In our cohort, despite comparable age, BMI and percentage with hypertension, diabetic women tended to have higher hemoglobin A1C, LDLcholesterol and systolic blood pressure (SBP), compared to men. [8] Women were also less likely to be referred for eye exam or be screened for nephropathy. Interestingly, there was significantly lower percentage of smoking among diabetic women compared to men; perhaps attesting to better health behavior among diabetic women.[8] Gender disparity was also observed in a cross-sectional analysis from a cohort of patients with diabetes sampled from 10 US-managed health care plans involving 1,315 women and 1,575 men with a history of CVD and 3,415 women and 2,516 men without a history of CVD.[6] Among patients with CVD, probabilities for not being in control for SBP and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher for women compared to men. Authors concluded that in diabetic patients with CVD, poorer control of SBP and LDL-cholesterol for women may contribute to the sex disparity in CVD mortality trends. These data collectively attest to gender disparity in health care delivery and outcomes in developed countries with advanced health care technology and application of evidence-based medicine, thus prompting guidelines to specifically address CVD management among women.[10]

Gender disparity in the management and outcomes of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic and hypertensive patients: A cross-cultural phenomenon