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The traditional methodologies of systems design, including Web page design, provide models for the products of software development projects, but fail to concentrate on explicit procedures for setting up and running project development. 'Research has been fairly silent on the question of how best to set up and run multimedia projects from a teacher's point of view' (McGrath, Cumaranatunge, Ji, Chen, Broce and Wright, 1997:21). System design in the information technology environment may not succeed fully unless there is an understanding of the complex thinking processes involved in software development. Complex thinking includes goal-directed, multi-step strategic processes, such as design, decision making and problem solving (Iowa Department of Education, 1989:7; referred to by Jonassen, 1996:27–29). Higher-order thinking includes critical, creative and complex thinking (Jonassen, 1996). For the purpose of this study, complex thinking was used as an umbrella term which included all processes and sub-processes of higher-order thinking. Methodological aspects of focusing on the problem, performing successful problem analysis and developing critical and creative thinking are not appropriately applied in the Web page design environment. Thus, the needs of system developers are ignored. A problem solving approach as in technology education should be considered by practitioners (e.g. project designers, programmers and educators) in the learning area information technology. This article reports on a theoretical investigation into the manner in which different mind tools (databases, semantic networks, computer-media ted communication, multimedia and programming) and instructional strategies influence Web page development during the various technological stages. Mind tools 'support, guide and extend the thinking processes of their users' (Jonassen, 1996:10). The investigation relies on both behaviourist and constructivist theoretical approaches and the

Technological stages in the system development life cycle: an application to Web page design