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Background  Since 1971, Kenya has had repeated cholera outbreaks. However, the cause of seasonal epidemics of cholera is not fully understood and neither are the factors that drive epidemics, both in Kenya and globally.    Objectives  The objectives of the study were to determine the environmental reservoirs of  V. cholerae  during an interepidemic period in Kenya and to characterise their virulence factors.    Methods  One hundred (50 clinical, 50 environmental) samples were tested for  V. cholerae  isolates using both simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction.    Results  Both sediments and algae from fishing and landing bays yielded isolates of  V. cholerae . Clinical strains were characterised along with the environmental strains for comparison. All clinical strains harboured  ctxA, tcpA  (El Tor),  ompU, zot, ace, toxR, hylA  (El Tor) and  tcpI  genes. Prevalence for virulence genes in environmental strains was  hylA  (El Tor) (10%),  toxR  (24%),  zot  (22%),  ctxA  (12%),  tcpI  (8%),  hylA  (26%) and  tcpA  (12%).    Conclusion  The study sites, including landing bays and beaches, contained environmental  V. cholerae , suggesting that these may be reservoirs for frequent epidemics. Improved hygiene and fish-handling techniques will be important in reducing the persistence of reservoirs.

Virulence factors in environmental and clinical Vibrio cholerae from endemic areas in Kenya