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Background:  Alien  Celtis  species are commonly cultivated in South Africa. They are easily confused with indigenous  C. africana  Burm.f. and are often erroneously traded as such.  Celtis australis  L. is a declared alien invasive tree.  Celtis sinensis  Pers. is not, but has become conspicuous in urban open spaces. Objectives:  This study investigates the extent to which  C. sinensis  has become naturalised, constructs keys to distinguish between indigenous and cultivated  Celtis  species, and provides a descriptive treatment of  C. sinensis . Methods:  Land-cover types colonised by  C. sinensis  were randomly sampled with 16 belt transects. Woody species were identified, counted and height measured to determine the population structure.  C. africana  and the three alien  Celtis  species were cultivated for 2 years and compared morphologically. Results: Celtis sinensis, Ligustrum lucidum  and  Melia azedarach  were found to be alien species, most abundant in urban areas. The population structure of  C. sinensis  corresponds to that of the declared invasive alien,  M. azedarach . Although  C. africana  occurs naturally, it is not regularly cultivated. This is ascribed to erroneous plantings because of its resemblance to juvenile plants of  C. sinensis . Keys are provided to identify  Celtis  species based on leaf shape and margin, and drupe characters. Conclusion: Celtis sinensis  is naturalised in central South Africa, especially in urban open spaces and beginning to colonise natural areas. It is flagged as a species with invasive potential. Characteristics of the leaves and fruits allow for accurate identification of indigenous and alien  Celtis  species, both as juvenile or adult trees.

bothalia

<i>Celtis sinensis</i> Pers. (Ulmaceae) naturalised in northern South Africa and keys to distinguish between <i>Celtis</i> species commonly cultivated in urban environments

Celtis sinensis Pers. (Ulmaceae) naturalised in northern South Africa and keys to distinguish between Celtis species commonly cultivated in urban environments