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Over the past 20 years, numerous peer reviewed studies have used thermal remote sensing to map urban heat islands. This study examines assumptions made in previous research through comparisons of in situ air temperatures and remotely sensed estimates of surface temperatures. Landsat thermal data collected from 4 heat event days over the summers of 2007-2008 are correlated with air temperatures from 30 sites across the Greater Toronto Area. Weak relationships between surface and air temperature are strengthened by incorporating information on source area and urban geometry. Results suggest that the higher and more densely packed the urban structures are, the lower the rate of cooling and more pronounced the heat island effect. Surface temperatures averaged upwind of the monitoring sites, and frontal area density estimates are highly correlated with night-time air temperatures and well suited for mapping urban heat island intensities.

Thermal remote sensing of urban heat island effects: greater Toronto area