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Several hundred randomized controlled trials have tested the effects of psychological treatments of depression. Although most of these trials have focused on cognitive behavior therapies (Cuijpers et al., 2013; Furukawa et al., 2014), several other types of treatment have been found to be effective in the treatment of depression in dozens of randomized trials, including interpersonal psychotherapy (Churchill et al., 2010; Cuijpers, Donker, Weissman, Ravitz, & Cristea, 2016), behavioral activation (Ekers, Richards, & Gilbody, 2008; Shinohara et al., 2013), problem-solving treatment (Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2007), life review therapy in older adults (Lan, Xiao, & Chen, 2017), non-directive counseling (Cuijpers et al., 2012), psychodynamic therapies (Driessen et al., 2015; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008) and third wave therapies (Churchill et al., 2013). What has this large body of research shown about the effects of these therapies? In this Commentary we will give a brief overview of a series of meta-analyses of these randomized trials (Cuijpers, 2017). Because in routine practice most patients still receive antidepressant medication, while the majority of patients prefer psychotherapy (McHugh, Whitton, Peckham, Welge, & Otto, 2013), we will focus specifically on the comparative effects of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy evaluating the available randomized clinical trials. We also evaluate their comparative effects on brain activity. Given the relatively larger amount of studies on CBT most of the researches are related to this type of therapy. However, when we use the term psychological interventions, especially in meta-analysis it means that different approaches were considered. We will finish with some recommendations for future research.

research in psychotherapy

Psychological treatments are as effective as pharmacotherapies in the treatment of adult depression: a summary from Randomized Clinical Trials and neuroscience evidence