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Several studies on concordance between macrophyte and macroinvertebrate\udcommunities were carried out for decades while any investigation on co-occurrence of single\udpair of taxa of these two groups was never addressed. Our main aim was to verify the\udexistence of co-occurrence of single macrophyte–macroinvertebrate pair in a Mediterranean\udriver of central Italy. We compared the co-occurrence frequencies of different plant and\udanimal taxa with those expected by chance through the null model approach. Specifically, we\udproposed two main co-occurrence patterns of macrophyte and macroinvertebrate taxa in terms\udof aggregation (when groups co-occur more frequently than expected) and segregation (when\udgroups co-occur less frequently than expected). This approach was supported by correlations\udand analysis of covariance in order to identify the most significant co-occurring pairs. In this\udstudy we collected a total of 123 taxa (50 macrophytes + 73 macroinvertebrates) in October\ud2008 and 102 (42+60) in June 2009. We obtained a total of 379 significantly correlating\udmacrophyte-macroinvertebrate pairs. Amongst all these correlating pairs, 83.7% of them\udcorrelated in October session while 90.3% in June. All the correlating pairs showed a high relationships with human alterations in both the sampling sessions. Our results confirmed that\uddirect correlations there are between macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, highlighting how\udthese two biological groups co-occur mainly following the aggregative model in both\udsampling sessions. Therefore, it was possible to observe significant relationships between\udmacrophyte and macroinvertebrate pairs along an entire river ecosystem. It allows us to\uddemonstrate that there are some prospective for trying to increase the knowledge on\udmacrophytes-macroinvertebrates co-occurrence and for suggesting to use only single pair of\udco-occurring taxa in the monitoring running water quality. Aware that more investigations\udought to be performed for confirming our proposal, the findings of the present study may be\udsuggested as a new monitoring tool since it represents an investigation approach easy in the\udapplication, feasible and rapid in the execution, and within the European Water Framework\udDirective freshwater management policies. In addition, a such tool does not need a detailed\udtaxonomical expertise since its applicability is restricted only to the few taxa indicated as\udrepresentatives of a certain water quality condition

Co-occurrence between macrophytes and macroinvertebrates: towards a new approach for the running waters quality evaluation?