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Picoplankton, both autotrophic (APP) and heterotrophic (HPP), ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) were counted and their biovolume measured monthly over a 3 year period in Lake Paione Superiore (LPS), a high mountain lake in the Italian a l- pine region. Analyses of organic carbon, particulate and dissolved, were performed at the same time. APP were negligible and pi co- cyanobacteria almost absent. HPP showed seasonal variations, with low numbers in winter/spring and maxima of nearly 10 6 cell ml-1 in August/September, corresponding to 60µg C l -1. Free-living, non- pigmented flagellates showed a density range from 10 4 l-1 to 106 l-1 with a prevalence of cells <3 µm. Their carbon ranged between 0.1-9 µg C l -1. Ciliate numbers ranged from 0.02 to 11 10 3 l-1. For much of the year different species of Urotricha were found. Conversely, Strombidium appeared during the ice-free period and Halteria grandinella under the ice, indicating a strict dependence on temperature. Carbon in the microbial loop of LPS (near the bottom) was mainly confined to bacteria (73%), with 20% in HNF and only 7% in ciliates. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentra- tion, measured after the removal of net plankton, ranged from 0.26 to 1.77 mgC l -1 with a prevalence of the dissolved form (87% av.). The average particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration was 0.24 mgC l -1. All the components of the microbial loop showed a decline under the ice-cover. Bacterial carbon concentration was three times lower under the ice than in the ice-free season (7. 9- 24.4 µgC l-1, respectively); protozoa carbon too declined under the ice-cover (3.1-5.8 µgC l -1 for HNF and 0.4-1.7µgC l -1 for cili- ates in the ice-cover and ice-free periods, respectively). The drop in the microbial-loop carbon occurring in late summer may b e re- lated to the presence of a Daphnia population peak. At that moment, the structure of the microbial loop is transformed by a top-down control of Daphnia.

Organic carbon and microbial food web assemblages in an oligotrophic alpine lake