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The present research was conducted to assess the competition of four cover crop species including the Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra L., Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Shultes, and Bromus tomentellus Boiss with the weeds as well as enhancement of their establishment. B. tomentellus with 7.7 and 8.73 t h–1 had the highest dry weight production in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In 2016, the highest reduction in the dry weight of the weeds (73%) was observed for the F. ovina, at the rate of 600 g active ingredient per ha–1 of herbicide. In 2017, the highest reduction in the dry weight of the weeds (90%) was recorded at the rate of 600 g active ingredient per ha–1 of herbicide for the. Dry weight of the dominant weeds decreased by 70% approximately with the and at the rate of 600 g active ingredient per ha–1of herbicide. Shannon Wiener index decreased in all the treatments following the increase in the herbicide concentrations in 2016 and 2017. The interaction of cover crop species and herbicide on the Margalef index was significant in all the treatments in 2016 except for A. desertorum, as well as A. desertorum and in 2017. Margalef index reduced following the increase in the herbicide concentration in all the treatments. Introduction Weeds are considered as a hidden foe for crop plants, interfering with their functions and suppressing their growth and development (Jabran et al., 2015a). Resource competition and chemical interference are the interaction mechanisms may occur among plants, simultaneously (Emeterio et al., 2007). Competition is a negative interaction where individuals make simultaneous demands that exceed limited resources and, while both suffer, one individual suffers less (Booth et al., 2003). Phytochemicals released into the environment inhibit the germination and growth of neighbouring plants by altering their metabolism or influencing their soil community mutualists (Fernandez et al., 2016). Allelochemicals released from allelopathic weeds may disturb the root and shoot growth of emerging crop seedlings (Jabran et al., 2015b). Weed populations in agricultural systems often consist of a broad complex of species and densities making management decisions complicated (Hock et al., 2006). The use of cover plants is regarded as one of the strategies applied for controlling weeds. Cover crops AeroSystems reduce negative environmental effects of ecosystem in agriculture sector, e.g. avoiding ground water nitrate pollution, protecting soils against erosion or improving their fertility (Tribouillois et al., 2015). Cover crop management is a non-specific biological method of pre-emergence weed control (Fourie et al., 2001). The degree weed suppression caused by cover crop depends largely on cover crop species and management systems (Bàrberi and Mazzoncini, 2001). However, many researches have shown that cover crop residue, accompanied with other biologically -based practices, is inadequate alone for constant weed control (Teasdale et al., 2005). Cover crops may provide a source of high quality forage for livestock while reducing the need for herbicide application or tillage (Westbrook et al., 2015). When the cover crop represents perennial plants with the ability to regrow rapidly after cutting, many tall-growing weeds can be restrained satisfactorily by the joint effects of competition and cutting (Håkansson, 2003). Fescues are very diverse grasses which are considered as important components of natural, permanent, and intensively managed grasslands, lawns, turfs used for conservation purposes (Rognli et al., 2010). Red fescue (Festuca rubra ) is found on dry to wet sites in open habitats from sea level to high elevations. It grows on sand dunes, dry beaches, and coastal headlands, also on freshwater shores, bogs, and marshes (Mitrović et al., 2008). The latter species is also tolerant to shade and other stress factors, which makes it a highly competitive plant (Sikoriya, 2014). Bromusis, an important perennial grass species belonging to genus of Bromus, subgenus of Festucoides and family of Poaceae grows naturally in Zagros and Alborz mountain rangelands in the west and north of Correspondence: Bahram Mirshekari, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Tel.: +98.4116372274 E-mail: mirshekari@iaut.ac.ir

Effect of four pre-planted cover crop species on weed control and population dynamics