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In a ten-year study of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) population at Torres del Paine National Park in southern Patagonia, we covered a wide range of information regarding the ecology of this endanger deer. We determined the huemul social structure, social behavior, reproductive season, and associated movements throughout the year. Huemuls were observed in the park central area of Sector Grey. When animals were located, natural marks or scars, coloring of body and face, and antler characteristics were used to identify them. We also ear tagged sixteen fawns from 2002 to 2008. Behavioral information was collected from all members with focal observations. We found established and transient social groups. Among the established we found family groups, solo female, and solo male, and among the transient we found solo female, solo male, solo yearling, pair of yearlings, and mixed groups. Family groups were observed throughout the year since they remained in the same area. We observed the first mating of marked females at about 16 months of age. We were not able to determine male age of their first mating, since they left the study site as yearlings. Females gave birth from late October to mid-November. The home range varied from 269 to 336 ha for the established family group. Huemul movements were associated with seasons and reproduction cycles, which also implies group changes. During the rut, some transient solo males tried to move into home ranges of established family groups. During the birthing season, pregnant females remained alone for short periods of time, while yearlings were temporarily expelled from their natal group but remained within the home range, thus sometimes the three members of the group were seen alone. These critical periods increased antagonism among huemuls, generating changes in their group structure. Movements associated with huemul in the park consisted of movements within the home range, seasonal movements, dispersion of the yearlings, and movements during the reproductive period. Resumen Este es un estudio de la poblacion de huemules (Hippocamelus bisulcus) del Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, en el sur de la Patagonia, durante 10 anos, lo que nos permitio obtener un amplio rango de informacion de los aspectos socio ecologicos de este ciervo en peligro de extincion. Determinamos la estructura social, las interacciones sociales, etapa reproductiva, y los movimientos asociados a lo largo del ano. Los huemules fueron observados en un area central del Sector Grey. Una vez localizados los animales, estos fueron identificados usando marcas naturales, cicatrices, color del pelaje y caracteristicas de la cornamenta en los machos, ademas de aretes numerados en 16 cervatillos marcados entre el 2002 y el 2008. Se colecto informacion de comportamiento de los integrantes de los grupos, a traves de observaciones focales. Encontramos dos tipos de grupos, los grupos establecidos y los grupos transientes Entre los grupos establecidos encontramos grupos familiares, hembras solas y machos solos, en tanto que entre los grupos transientes encontramos hembras solas, machos solos, juveniles solos, juveniles en pares y grupos mixtos. Los grupos familiares permanecieron en la misma area durante todo el ano. El primer apareamiento en hembras marcadas fue a los 16 meses. Los cervatillos nacieron a partir de fines de Octubre hasta mediados de Noviembre. No pudimos determinar la edad del primer apareamiento de los machos, pues los marcados se fueron del area siendo juveniles. Las hembras prenadas permanecieron aisladas por cortos periodos de tiempo durante el nacimiento de cervatillos, en tanto que los juveniles fueron temporalmente expulsados de su grupo, permaneciendo en su rango de hogar, de modo que los tres integrantes del grupo se vieron solos. Estos periodos criticos aumentan el antagonismo entre los huemules, lo cual genera cambios en su estructura. Hubieron cuatro tipos de movimientos o traslados de los animales: dentro de los rangos de hogar, reproductivos, estacionales y de dispersion de los juveniles.

Social Ecology of the huemul at Torres Del Paine National Park, Chile