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Regions with intense maturation-reproduction processes versus other regions showing less frequent, sporadicand non-existent maturation events were characterized on the basis of the gonadal index of 18,279 female swordfish.Females larger than 145 cm lower jaw-fork length (LJFL) may present high or low gonadal index values depending on theregion and season. The highest gonadal indices were observed mostly in areas having Sea Surface Temperature (SST) rangingbetween 24°-29°C. However, the reproductive activity of females appears to be mainly restricted to the warmer epipelagiclayers of the western regions with a deeper thermocline. The size at first maturity of females (LJFL50) was estimated at146.5 cm LJFL and the maturity function was pm= 1 / (1 + e(-0.1398 (LJFL-146.5))). Qualitative maturity indicators of females supportthe results obtained using gonadal indices. According to catch rate data by size, sex and region, the presence of males 125-165 cm LJFL would account for the high prevalence of males in regions where the most intense reproductive processeswere observed. The characteristic ‘spawning’ related sex-ratio at size patterns are explained by thi s positive anomaly inthese regions favouring males in a ratio up to 9 or 11 times greater than the abundance of females within the same mediumsize range. The complex reproductive process of this species would point to the practice of courting rituals, which wouldexplain the migratory pattern of this species and its stratification by area-size-sex.Postprint0,604

Reproductive activity of swordfish Xiphias gladius, in the Atlantic Ocean inferred on the basis of macroscopic indicators