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El agua ha sido vital en el desarrollo historico en los ayllus de San Pedro de Atacama, regados por los rios San Pedro y Vilama. Los aportes hi­dricos de estos rios han venido disminuyendo desde la decada de 1940 en adelante, lo que ha supuesto cambios sucesivos en las practicas culturales de aprovechamiento y gestion del agua, a fin de mantener la seguridad del riego y sostener una agricultura basada en cultivos tradicionales —maiz, trigo, alfalfa—. Este articulo constata, con estadisticas, la disminucion constante de los caudales medios anuales de los rios en los ultimos setenta anos, los cambios en el sistema e infraestructura de riego, y las sucesivas reorganizaciones para gestio­nar un recurso hidrico cada vez mas escaso en un ambiente de desierto extremo. Desvela que en los ultimos cincuenta anos la superficie regada y cultivada se redujo en casi un 50%, en conjunto con el descen­so de los aportes hidricos de los rios San Pedro y Vilama. Constata que la estructura tradicional de cultivos se mantuvo hasta anos recientes, y se pregunta si el actual equilibrio precario entre aguas, riego y cultivos se puede sostener en el tiempo en los ayllus de Atacama. Palabras claves: rios San Pedro y Vilama - infraestructura de riego - cul­tivos tradicionales. Abstract Water has been an essential factor in the historical development of the Ayllus of San Pedro de Atacama, irrigated by the San Pedro and Vilama rivers. The amount of water carried by these rivers has been diminishing since the 1940s, which has forced successive changes in the cultural practices of water use and management in order to ensure irrigation and to sustain an agriculture based on traditional crops - maize, wheat and alfalfa. This article uses statistical data to demons­trate the ongoing reduction of the average yearly flow rate of these rivers over the last seventy years, changes in the irrigation system and infrastructure, and the successive organizational changes that have occurred to manage this scarce hydrological resource in a desert envi­ronment. The analysis reveals that over the last forty years the irriga­ted and cultivated surface area has reduced almost 50%, paired with the reduction in the hydric contributions of the San Pedro and Vilama rivers. This article also showthat the traditional crop structure has been maintained until recent years and explores whether the present balance between water supply, irrigation and crops is sustainable over time in the Atacama’s ayllus . Key words: San Pedro and Vilama rivers - irrigation infrastructure - traditional crops.

AGUAS, RIEGO Y CULTIVOS: CAMBIOS Y PERMANENCIAS EN LOS AYLLUS DE SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA