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Sexual dimorphism exists at all levels of the nervous system. These sex differences could underlie genderrelated differences in behavior and neuropsychological function, as well as the gender differences in the prevalence of various ment l disorders such as autism, attention deficit disorders, and schizophrenia. Myelination, on the other hand, is a unique cellular process that can have a dramatic impact on the structure and physiology of an axon and its surrounding tissue. The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest of the brain commissures, which connects the cerebral cortices of the two hemispheres, and provides interhemispheric co nnectivity for information transfer and processing between cortical regions. Variation in the axonal properties of CC will alter the inter hemispheric connectivity. The CC consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, glial cells and blood vessels. Several functional studies h ve reported that the function of CC is associated with its axons density and myelination properties. The se xual dimorphism in the axonal content of the CC has always been controversial; hence, the aim of this study was to analyze the differences in axons’ diameter an myelin sheath thickness of the CC between male and female rats. For this purpose, five pairs of adult male and female rats were p rfused and the CC were removed and sectioned. Four sections from different subregions of the corpus callosum that represent the genu, a terior body, posterior body, and splenium of the CC were stained and electron microscopic images were captured using stereological gui de ines. Later, the axons diameter and myelin sheath thickness for each subregion were calculated and compared between males and females . Our preliminary findings of the present study indicated region specific differences in the myelinated axon thickness and diamet er in the CC between male and female rats.

Anatomical and Ultrastructural Sex Differences in Mean Diameter and Thickness of Myelinated Axons in Adult Rat Corpus Callosum