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− A bacterial strain with good antibacterial activities against Staphylococus aureus and Escherichiacoli was isolated from a marine sponge Stelleta sp., and it was identified as a Psychrobacter sp. by compara-tive 16S rDNA sequence analysis. In our search for bioactive secondary metabolites from this psychrophillicand halotolerent bacterium, sixteen cyclic dipeptides ( 1-16 ) were isolated and their structures were identified onthe basis of NMR analysis. In the test of the compounds for the protective effect against Vibrio vulnificus -induced cytotoxicity in human intestinal epithelial cells, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe) ( 5 ) exhibited significant protectiveeffect. Compounds 2 , 6 , and 11 , which contain D-amino acid, were first isolated from bacteria. Keywords: Sponge-associated, Psychrobacter sp., Cyclic dipeptide, D-proline, Vibrio vulnificus -induced cytotox-icity INTRODUCTION Recently, much attention has been given to marinesponge-associated microorganisms, which have emergedto be a rich source of novel and biologically activesecondary metabolites (Piel, 2004). As a filter feeder,sponge is able to filter thousands of liters of water perday, which makes sponge harbor a large number ofdiverse microorganisms in its tissue. Generally, formicrobe-abundant sponge, microorganisms can contrib-ute up to 40-70% of the sponge body volume, exceedingmicroorganisms in seawater by 2-4 orders of magnitude(Hentschel

Bioactive Cyclic Dipeptides from a Marine Sponge-Associated Bacterium, Psychrobacter sp.