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Before 1990, Germany was divided for more than 40 years. While divided, significant mortality disparities between the populations of East and West Germany emerged. In the years following reunification, East German mortality improved considerably, eventually converging with West German levels. In this study, we explore changes in the gender differences in mortality and health across the eastern and western regions of Germany, using data from the Human Mortality Database for the 19802013 period and from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the 1990-2003 period. We apply random-effects linear regressions to the SOEP data to identify trends in health, measured as selfassessed health satisfaction, after German reunification. The findings of the analysis indicate that women were substantially less satisfied with their health than men in both West and East Germany, but that the gender gap was larger in East Germany than in West Germany. Furthermore, the results show that the health satisfaction of respondents decreased over time, and that the decline was steeper among men – and particularly among East German men – than among women. Thus, the initial male advantage in health in East and West Germany in the years immediately after reunification diminished over time, and even reversed to become a female advantage in East Germany. Our results suggest that men suffered more than women from the stressful postreunification changes in the political and social landscape of East Germany. Economic insecurity due to unemployment could have had long-lasting effects on the health of the working-aged population. A partial explanation for our finding that health declined more sharply among East German men than among their female counterparts could be that women have better compensation mechanisms for dealing with psychosocial stress.

Trends in gender differences in health and mortality at working ages among West and East Germans