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The NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B-epsilon is a new member of the I kappa B protein family, but its functional role in regulating NF-kappa B-mediated induction of adhesion molecule expression is unknown. In vascular endothelial cells, I kappa B-epsilon associates predominantly with the NF-kappa B subunit Rel A and to a lesser extent with c-Rel, whereas I kappa B-alpha and I kappa B-beta associate with Rel A only. Following stimulation with TNF-alpha, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), N-acetylcysteine, and dexamethasone prevented I kappa B kinase-induced I kappa B-alpha, but not I kappa B-beta or I kappa B-epsilon phosphorylation and degradation. Since the activation of NF-kappa B is required for the induction of adhesion molecule expression, we examined the role of I kappa B-epsilon in the transactivation of promoters from VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin. Using reporter gene constructs of adhesion molecule promoters, PDTC inhibited VCAM-1 and E-selectin, but to a lesser extent, ICAM-1 promoter activity. Subcloning of kappa B cis-acting elements of VCAM-1, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 into a heterologous promoter construct revealed that PDTC inhibited VCAM-1 and E-selectin, but to a lesser extent, ICAM-1 kappa B promoter activity. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, NF-kappa B heterodimers containing c-Rel specifically bind to the kappa B motif in the ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1 or E-selectin promoter. Indeed, overexpression of c-Rel induced ICAM-1 kappa B promoter activity to a greater extent than that of E-selectin and overexpression of I kappa B-epsilon inhibited ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 promoter activity in endothelial cells. These findings indicate that c-Rel-associated I kappa B-epsilon is involved in the induction of ICAM-1 expression.

A Functional Role of IκB-ε in Endothelial Cell Activation