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The production of propionic acid using skim serum by-products of the dairy industry was investigated, and the influence of inoculum concentration of Propionibacterium freudenreichii PS-1 and its time of inoculation for the production of propionic acid was evaluated using mixed culture of Lactobacillus helveticus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii . Initially, the adjustment of propionic bacteria to higher concentrations of propionic acid was tested and kinetic parameters were determined for growth. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) with 11 experiments was carried out, using different inoculum concentrations of P. freudenreichii , which were added to the cultures of lactic bacteria at different times. The maximum specific growth rate for P. freudenreichii decreased from 0.11 to 0.03 hour -1 and the growth time increased from 32h to 100h when concentration of propionic acid in lactate broth increased to 0.25%. The best result for propionic acid production was 3.78 g L -1 , inoculating 5.10 8 CFU mL -1 of propionic bacteria after 6 h. For lactose consumption, the best conditions were inoculum concentration above 5.10 8  CFU mL -1 and inoculation time of P. freudenreichii after 6 hours. Therefore, it was demonstrated that skimmed whey can be used as a renewable, low-cost raw material for propionic acid production by mixed culture.

acta scientiarum. technology/acta scientiarum. technology

&lt;b&gt;Inoculum concentration and inoculation time for propionic acid production from whey using mixed culture of &lt;i&gt;Lactobacillus helveticus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Propionibacterium freudenreichii&lt;/i&gt; PS-1