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A novel framework consisting of three-level modeling for distribution network is proposed without violating any equality and inequality constraints. In Level 1, modeling, optimal location, and sizing of electric vehicle parking lot and in Level 2 EV charging modeling are proposed. Two types of charging, normal charging for charging EVs at home and rapid charging at parking lot, are considered to show the impact of charging on distribution network. In Level 3, solar parking lot (SPL) modeling is introduced to reduce the burden on distribution network by using SPL to grid power exchange. The proposed model is illustrated on an IEEE 33 bus distribution network with two systems. In the first system, two charging levels are used to analyze the EV charging impact in distribution network in terms of voltage violation, power losses, energy cost of individual customer, and charge paid by PL without SPL. In the second system, one charging level is used to maximize the profit of parking lot operators and minimize the burden on the grid with SPL.

Optimal Charge Scheduling of EVs in Distribution System with Solar Energy Parking Lots