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In 1996, Peter Godman made the important discovery of the ‘Censorship’ manuscript of Montaigne’s Essais (1581), in the “C Protocol” of the Congregation Archive for the Faith Doctrine (1581). In our article, we will try to answer the title question – obviously a rhetorical one, implying its denial. This will emerge from our investigation of the document’s material features: the paper size, the editors’ handwriting, the erasures, and the language of the text. The characteristics of the volume – its opening alphabetical index and the heterogeneous nature of the other related documents – can only raise doubts about the nature of this document. So, we will be witnesses of the following twist: we may assume that the document is not the “Censorship of the Essais”, but a report requested by the Sacred Palace Master from two ‘censors’, which was not followed by the Congregation Index. In fact, the name of Montaigne does not appear in any of the numerous lists of books judged as heterodox compiled during the sixteenth century.

Les “Essais” furent-ils censurés par Rome en 1581?