English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Although Christianity was widespread in Egypt since the 1st century, Christians were only allowed to exercise their worship freely after the Milan decree. From this date, Christianity was recognized and the churches were built. The architecture adopted in the foundation of the churches involved the construction of some basins for different uses such as the baptismal basin which changed shape and location over the centuries. The churches also contained "El Maghtas" used for holy water during the feast of the Epiphany. The basin called "El Laqân" of circular shape not deep was carved on the floor of the old churches. Besides these, other pools were used for washing and for exercising Extreme Unction. Thus, we will explain in this research the difference between the basins, their evolution and their importance while referring to examples from various ancient Coptic churches.   Bibliography ABŪ AL-MAKARAM - Tāriḫ ālkanā’s wa ālādiraʼ. Edited by Bishop Samuel. Cairo: 1984. ANWAR, Mary Magdy - “Des pieces representant les insignes et les vetements liturgiques coptes conserves dans les musees archeologiques d’Egypte”. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels 12 (2015), pp. 13-35 ATHANASIUS EL MAKARY - Mʽgm ālmṣṭlḥāt ālknsiaʼ. 3 vols. Cairo: Nubar Publishing company, 2002-2011. AWAD ALLAH, Mancarius - Mnārt ālāqdās fi srḥtqws ālknisaʼālqbṭiaʼwaālqdās. Cairo: ālmṭbʽaāltgāriaʼālḥdiṯa, 1969. Archibishop BASILIOS – “Baptism”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya, Vol. II. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, pp. 339-342. Archibishop BASILIOS - “Epiphany (liturgy of)”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya, Vol. III. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, pp. 967-968. BEATRICE, P. F. - “Foot washing”. in Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity. Edited by Angelo Di Berardino, Vol. II. Dowhers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic, 2014, pp. 49-51. BURMESTER, Oswald Hugh Ewart - A Guide to the Monasteries of the Wadi ‘N-Natrun. Le Caire: Societe d’Archeologie Copte, 1954. BURMESTER, Oswald Hugh Ewart - A Guide to the Ancient Coptic Churches of Cairo. Le Caire: Societe d’Archeologie Copte, 1955. BURMESTER, Oswald Hugh Ewart-The Egyptian or Coptic Church (A detailed description of her liturgical services and the rites and ceremonies observed in the administration of her sacraments). Le Caire: Societe d’Archeologie Copte, 1967. BUTLER, Alfred - The Ancient Coptic Churches in Egypt. Translated by Ibrahim Salama Ibrahim, 2 vols. Cairo: ālhiaaʼālʽmallktāb, 2001. CAPUANI, Massimo - Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millenia. Cairo: AUC Press, 2002. CHEVALIER, Jean; GHEERBRANT, Alain - A Dictionary of Symbols. Translated by John Buchanan-Brown. Oxford (USA): Basil Blackwell, 1994. COQUIN, Charalambia - Les Edifices chretiens du Vieux Caire. Vol. I (Bibliographie et topographique historiques). Tome XI. Le Caire: Institut Francais d’Archeologie du Caire, 1974. CROSS, F. L. - The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1990. DAOUAD, Nabih; FAKHRY, Adel - Tāriḫ ālmsiḥiʼ waālrhbnaʼ waʼātārhmā fi āibārsitālgizaʼ. Cairo: Saint Marc Foundation of Coptic history, 2011. DUVAL, N. - “Church buildings: baptistery”. in Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity, edited by Angelo Di Berardino, Vol. II. Dowhers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic, 2014, pp. 524-537. EL FARAS, Robert - Mbānymnbḫwr (knāʼs waādirt mṣriaʼ). Cairo: ālhiaʼālʽmāllqṣwrālṯqāfaʼ, 2012. EL HEWMY, Youssef - ālāḥtfālbʽ idālġṭāsālmgid (Epiphania) fi ktbālmwrḫinālʽrb. Alexandria-Cairo: Biblioteca Alexandrina, 2016. EL MAQRIZI - Ktāb ālmwāʽz waālʽtbār fi ḏkr ālḫṭṭ waālaʼṯār. Edited by Ayman Fouad El Said. London: ālfrqān institute, 2002. EL MESKIN, Matta - ālrhbnaʼ ālqbṯiaʼ fi ʼaṯr ālqdis AbwMaqār. Wadi El Natrun, Egypt: Monastery of Saint Maqar, 1972. EL MESKIN, Matta - ālmʽmwdiaʼ (ālāṣwl ālāwly llmsiḥin). Wadi El Natrun, Egypt:  Monastery of Saint Maqar, 2000. EVELYN WHITE, H. G. - The Monasteries of the Wadi N-Natrun, Part III (The Architecture and Archeology). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973. GARIN, Alberto – Abu Sirga: la iglesia copta de San Sergio y San Baco del Viejo Cairo: las primeras huellas del cristianismo en Egipto. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional, Fundacion Carolina, El Viso, 2004. GODLEWSKI, W - “Baptistery (Architectural elements of churches)”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya, Vol I. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, pp. 197-200. GROSSMANN, Peter - “Epiphany Tanks”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya. Vol. III. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, p. 968. GROSSMANN, Peter - “Abu Mina”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya. Vol I. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, pp. 24-29. GROSSMANN, Peter - “Khūrus”. in The Coptic Encyclopedia. Edited by Aziz S. Atiya, vol. I. New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1991, pp. 212-213. GROSSMANN, Peter - “A new church at Taposiris Magna- Abusir”. Bulletin de la Societe d’Archeologie Copte 31 (1992), pp. 24-30. GROSSMANN, Peter; HAFEZ, Mohamed - “Results of the 1997 excavations in the North-West church of Pelusium (Farama- west)”. Bulletin de la Societe d’Archeologie Copte 40 (2001), pp. 109-116. GROSSMANN, Peter; KOSCIUK, Jacek – “Report on the excavations at Abu Mina in spring 2000”. Bulletin de la Societe d’Archeologie Copte 40 (2001), pp. 97-108. GUIRGUIS, Habib - Āsrār ālknisaʼ ālsbʽa. Cairo: El Tawfik Coptic Publisher,1934. GUIRGUIS, Benjamin - Ttbʽtāriḫy lāgrāʼāt srālmʽmwdiaʼ ālmqds ldy ālāqbā ālārṯwḏk. Cairo: Institut of Coptic studies, n.d. Master unpublished. HABIB, George - Almʽmwdiaʼ fi ālknisaʼāwāḥdh ālgmʽaʼ ālrswliaʼ. 1st book. Cambridge: 2012. HELMY, Bishoy - Knisty ālārṯksiaʼ..mā āgmlk‼ Cairo: Nubar Publishing Company, 2013. IBN ALMOQAFFAʽ - Die Ordnung des Priestertums ein altes liturgisches Handbuch der koptischen Kirche (Tartīb al-Kahanūt). II Teil. Edited by Julius Assfalg. Le Caire: Publications du Centre d’Etudes Orientales de la Custodie Franciscaine de Terre Sainte, 1955. IBN ELSEBAʽ- Ktāb ālgwhraʼ ālnfisaʼ fi ʽlm ālknisaʼ. Edited by Victor Mansur El-Francicie. Le Caire: Institut Franciscaine chretienne orientale, 1966. IBN IAA’S - Bdāʽ ālzhwr fi wqāʽ āldhwr. Cairo: Dārālktb, 2008. IBN KABR - Msbāḥ ālzlmʼ fi āidāḫ ālḫdmʼ. Edited by Samuel El Suriany. Cairo: Dayr al-Suryan 1992. INNEMEE, Karel - Excavations at the site of Deir Al-Baramus 2002-2005. Leiden: Leiden University, 2005. KHALIL, Morcos – Ālqdis ālʽzim ālshid Filwbātir Mrqūriũs ālshir baby Sifin. Cairo: AnbaRwiyas Publisher, 1995. KILLEN, William – The Ancient Church: Its History. Doctrine, Worship and Constitution. Alexandria: The Library of Alexandria, 2005 (Original Publishing 1859). MALATY, Tadros – Alknisaʼ bit Allah. Alexandria: church of Saint Georges Sporting, 1979. MARTIN, Maurice - Monasteres et Sites Monastiques d’Egypte. Le Caire: Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale, 2015. MOHAMED, Hagagy - “āllaqān fi ālknisaʼsālāṯriaʼ mn ālGizaʼḥty Aswān”. Journal of the faculty of Arts in Tanta (n.d): pp. 819-823. MULDER, Nicole. F. - “The early Christian Pilgrimage: The Case of Abu Mena”. Essays on Coptic Art and Culture 1 (1994), pp. 18-35. PERKINS, Ward – “The Monastery of Taposiris Magna”. Bulletin de la Societe Royale d’Archeologie d’Alexandrie 36 (1944), pp. 48-53. QASD ALLAH, Nusrat - Tāṯir āsālib wa ṭrqālānsaʼʽlyāltʽbirālmʽmāry llʽmārʼ. Cairo: Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 2006. Master unpublished. Bishop SAMUEL - Dlilāl knās wa ālādiraʼ ālqdimh fi mṣr. Vol. I. Cairo: 2002. SIMAIKA, Marcus - A Brief Guide to the Coptic Museum and the Ancient Coptic Churches and Monasteries. 2 vols. Cairo: El Amiriaʼ publishing, 1932. STATY, Essam - Mqdmaʼ ālfwlklwr ālqbṭy. Cairo: ālhiāālmṣriaʼālʽmaʼllktāb, 2010. TROSTYANSKIY, Sergey - “Baptism”. in The Encyclopedia of Easter Orthodox Christianity. Edited by John Anthony Mcguckin, Vol I. Singapore: Wiley Blackweell, 2011, pp. 65-67. VIAUD, Gerard - La liturgie des coptes d’Egypte. Paris: Librairie d’Amerique et d’Orient, 1978. WACE, Alan John Bayard - Hermopolis Magna, Ashmunein: the Ptolemaic sanctuary and the basilica. Alexandria: Alexandria University Press, 1959. WALTERS, Colin Christopher - Monastic Archeology in Egypt. Warminster: Aris et Phillips, 1974. WASSEF, Ceres W. - Pratiques rituelles et alimentaires coptes. Le Caire: Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale, 1971. YOUSSEF, Hanan - Tṭwrʽm ārtālṭrāz ālbāziliky fi mṣr fi ālʽṣrālrwmāny. Tanta: Tanta University, faculty of Arts, 2008. Master unpublished. YOUSSEF, Samer - Tāṯir ālātgāht ālʽqādiaʼʽlytṣ mim ālknisa. Cairo: Helwan University, faculty of Arts, 2004-2005. Master unpublished. YOUSSEF, Youhanna - “The Book Order of the Priesthood, by Severus Ibn Al-Muqaffaʼ Bishop of Al-Ashmunein”. Bulletin de la Societe d’ Archeologie Copte 45 (2006), pp. 135-145.

A evolução das diferentes fontes de água nas igrejas coptas ao longo dos séculos