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Tulving (1972) defined episodic memory as memory for what, where, and when. Clayton and Dickinson’s (1998) behavioral model for animals was adapted to examine what, where, and when memory in humans. Participants viewed unique visual scenes of furnished homes in both blocked and mixed designs. They were tested separately for memory of objects (What), spatial configurations (Where), and temporal order of the scenes (When), and participants’ accuracy and reaction times were examined for each condition. Performance was highest and reaction time was fastest for the What condition. Participants were also faster and more accurate in the mixed design experiment compared to the blocked design experiment. This study established a behavioral analysis of episodic memory in humans based upon Clayton and Dickinson’s (1998) animal model, which will provide a basis for functional episodic memory studies to separately characterize the cortical mechanisms for processing episodic memory using the object, spatial, and temporal task with humans.

Object, spatial, and temporal memory: A behavioral analysis of visual scenes using a what, where, and when paradigm