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L’intérêt croissant accordé aux aires protégées (AP) dans les politiques internationales de protection de la nature nécessite d’analyser en aval le rôle dévolu aux populations vivant dans ces espaces. Bien qu’excluant souvent, de fait, les populations locales, il apparaît qu’une inclusion de ces populations dans le périmètre des aires protégées est tout à fait possible. C’est en tous cas ce que montre l’étude d’une AP d’Amazonie brésilienne que nous nous proposons de mener ici, en insistant plus particulièrement sur l’histoire de cette inclusion, ses modalités et sur les problèmes restant à résoudre. L’analyse historique du conflit dans la Forêt nationale du Tapajós reflète le fait que les différentes catégories d’AP au Brésil ont su évoluer pour s’adapter aux contextes locaux. L’implantation de cette AP, et son acceptation par les populations, a nécessité l’adaptation de l’administration aux règles locales d’usage et de gestion des ressources, mais aussi en retour de l’adaptation de ces dernières aux normes institutionnelles de gestion. L’évolution de l’inclusion des habitants dans la gouvernance de cette AP s’est faite de plus sous l’impulsion des institutions internationales, en contrepartie de leur soutien financier à divers programmes de développement au niveau local. Depuis que les relations entre population locale et institution gestionnaire se sont stabilisées dans cette AP, les défis concernant le maintien sur place de la population locale se sont dès lors déplacés vers la dépendance croissante aux ressources et biens de consommations externes et vers les transformations qu’ont induit les projets de développement sur le système local de production. O interesse crescente às unidades de conservação (UC) nas políticas internacionais de proteção da Natureza necessita considerar o papel das populações humanas  que habitam nesses espaços. Apesar do fato que, freqüentamente, as UC excluem as populações locais, uma inclusão no seu perímetro é porém, possível. É o que mostra o estudo que nós desenvolvemos em uma UC da Amazônia brasileira, destacando, em particular, a história dessa inclusão, as suas modalidades e os problemas pendentes. A análise histórica do conflito na Floresta nacional do Tapajós reflete o fato que as diferentes categorias de UC no Brasil têm conseguido evoluir para adaptar-se aos contextos locais. A implementação desta UC, e a sua aceitação pela população, demandou a adaptação da administração às regras locais de uso e de manejo dos recursos, assim como a adaptação das comunidades às normas de gestão institucionais. A evolução da inclusão dos moradores na governança dessa UC resultou, em grande parte, da impulsão das instituições internacionais, através do apoio financeiro dado aos diversos programas de desenvolvimento local. Uma vez que as relações entre a população local e a instituição responsável do manejo desta UC se estabilizaram, os desafios relacionados à manutenção da população local na UC se orientaram na dependência crescente dos moradores aos recursos e bens de consumo externos e nas transformações geradas pelos projetos de desenvolvimento no sistema de produção local. The increasing importance accorded to protected areas (PAs) in international nature conservation policies calls for in-depth studies into the role given to local populations living within these areas. Even if local populations are often excluded from the PA management process, their inclusion is also possible. It is what we show in this paper, basing ourselves on a PA case study in the Brazilian Amazon and focusing specifically on the development of this inclusion, its modalities and on the remaining problems to be resolved. The historical analysis of the conflict in the Tapajós national Forest shows that PA categories in Brazil have managed to adapt themselves to local contexts. The implementation of this PA, and its subsequent acceptance by local populations, has thus required policy makers to adapt to local resource use and management practices, yet has also necessitated that local populations conform to institutional management norms. Furthemore, the inclusion of local populations in PA governance has been partly promoted by international institutions, in order to benefit from their financial support at local scale for different development programs. Since, the relationship between local populations and policy makers have been stabilized in this PA, and the challenges in maintaining inhabitants on this territory have now shifted towards their strong dependence on the resources and consumer products from the city and the transformations induced by development projects in local production systems

confins

Populations locales et unités de conservation : de l’exclusion à une inclusion incomplète (le cas de la Forêt nationale du Tapajós, Amazonie brésilienne)