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The thesis takes as a starting point an evidence: the despise of the Malagasy elite for the rural community and more especially for the ancestral customs that would prevent the country of its economic take off. However, this rural population, considered as very poor, succeed every year in organizing very costly ceremonies, like Famadihana or the rite of the “turning of the bones” to honor their ancestors. Therefore, one can ask himself how can they save such amount of money in such a short time? And why, if they are so poor, they waste the little they have for ancestors who will never be alive anymore? In other words, why don’t they invest that money in agricultural tools or in fertilizer in order to increase their surplus, then their income and their material conditions of living? To have a chance to respond to these questions, we have analyzed the ceremony of Famadihana, not in a religious way, but in a holistic way around the concept of “productivity”, not only taking into account the economic and social spheres but also the symbolic one. The fieldwork was done in the village of Amboasary, located 30km South of the capital of Madagascar from September 2005 to June 2007. The results show that the economic activities aim to deal or to engage in transactions with the ancestors. These transactions, which cannot be done through money, have to be dominated by the logic of the gift: offering of foods and others are followed by blessings from the ancestors. These gifts take both a ceremonial and ostentatious aspects: every man defending his honor and prestige in his capacity of producing and his generosity to distribute. The symbolic dimension, usually ignored in the development studies, becomes fundamental to understand that society. The economic motivation of the agents combines both strategies of integration to the group and strategies of social distinction to maintain prestige and social distance. Finally, the results verify the hypothesis that the Famadihana is a “total”social phenomenon that expresses in the same time religious, moral, political, social, esthetic and economic institutions.

Pratiques Economiques et transactions avec les Ancêtres. Étude des cérémonies famadihana dans un village malgache