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International audienceThe emergence of historical anthropology was a fundamental factor in the institutional development of French medieval archaeology during the second part of 20th century. The consequence, if not the reason, of this new dimension in the study of archeology is a willingness to take into consideration the totality of past material evidences. Archaeology gradually entered into the field of medieval history, producing a new kind of historical documentation. At the same time, medieval archeology itself developed out of history, through its exchange with the history of art or the natural sciences, as well as through the development of a strict methodology. This paper returns to the contradictions of a discipline torn between its secondary position in face of the study of history, and its attempts to define itself as an autonomous area of the human sciences. The question of the various uses and the various definitions of “archeological documentation” will serve as guide.L’émergence de l’anthropologique historique a joué un rôle fondamental dans l’essor institutionnel de l’archéologie médiévale française au cours de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle. Cette nouvelle dimension accordée à la discipline archéologique a eu pour corollaire, sinon pour cause, la volonté de prendre en considération l’ensemble des témoignages matériels du passé. L’archéologie est donc entrée progressivement dans le champ de l’histoire médiévale, en produisant un nouveau type de documents historiques. Parallèlement, l’archéologie médiévale s’est également construite hors de l’histoire, à travers ses échanges avec l’histoire de l’art, les sciences naturelles ainsi que sur la base d’une stricte méthodologie. Le présent article revient sur les contradictions d’une discipline tiraillée entre sa position auxiliaire vis-à-vis de l’histoire et ses tentatives d’émancipation en tant que domaine autonome des sciences humaines. La question des différentes définitions et des différents usages de la « documentation archéologique » fera office de fil conducteur dans cette réflexion.L’emergenza dell’antropologia storica ha giocato un ruolo decisivo per l’affermazione istituzionale dell’archeologia medievale francese nel corso della seconda metà del xx secolo. La nuova importanza riconosciuta alla disciplina archeologica ha avuto come corollario, e forse causa, la volontà di prendre in conto la totalità della documentazione materiale del passato. L’archeologia è così progressivamente entrata nel campo della storia medievale, producendo un nuovo tipo di documenti storici. Parallelamente l’archeologia medievale ha costruito dialoghi che eccedono quello con la storia, ad esempio con la storia dell’arte, con le scienze naturali, e ha parimenti sviluppato una metodologia rigorosa. Quest’articolo ritorna sulle contraddizioni di una disciplina strattonata tra la sua posizione ausiliare, rispetto alla storia, e ai suoi tentativi emancipazionisti. La questione delle diverse definizioni e diversi usi della “documentazione archeologica” costituirà il fil rouge di questa riflessione

L’archéologie médiévale dans et hors l’histoire : retour sur différents usages de la documentation archéologique