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This article deals with a Manchu translation version of a letter by Abulai Khan addressed to the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1760. An indepth source analysis of the letter and other relevant historical documents shows that the Kazakhs, led by Abulai Khan, sketched out a conceptualization of the rough boundaries (ujan) of their pasturelands at that time, and that these boundaries covered the region east and south of Lake Balkash. By asking the Qing emperor to send back a redsealed edict, the Kazakhs even tried to urge the Qing court to officially approve these boundaries. This leads us to question the dominant view that the region east and south of Lake Balkash was primarily an object of bipolar territorial rivalry between the Qing Empire and Russia.

Special Issue: Abulai Khan's Understanding of Eastern and Southern Kazakh Pasturelands in a 1760 Letter to the Qing Court