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Eight years of research in the Magellan region and Antarctic marine ecosystems have passed since the first IBMANT Symposium held in Punta Arenas in 1997 (Arntz and Ríos, 1999). Considerable biogeographic and biodiversity work, supported by physiological and molecular genetic approaches, has been published during this time, especially in the Antarctic, much of it in the framework of SCAR’s EASIZ and EVOLANTA programmes (Di Prisco et al., 1998; Davison et al., 2000; Arntz and Clarke, 2002; Huiskes et al., 2003; Clarke et al., subm.), and recently by research extending into the deep sea (Brandt and Hilbig, 2004). Marine science in the Magellan region, which had received important stimuli from the “Victor Hensen” and “Vidal Gormaz” campaigns in the previous period (Arntz and Gorny, 1996; CONA, 1999 a, b), was advanced rather by individual approaches such as the decapod and fish work carried out by the CADIC and colleagues from Ushuaia (e.g. Lovrich et al., 2003; Fernández et al., 2000) but also received further input from CIMAR Fiordo cruises nos. 3, 4, and 7 between 1997 and 2001, and the “LAMPOS” cruise of RV “Polarstern” along the Scotia Arc (CONA, 1999 a, b; Arntz and Brey, 2003). Despite all these efforts, and a wealth of information presented and discussed during the Ushuaia IBMANT II Symposium, it is obvious that important gaps remain and a number of basic questions may not be solved in the immediate future (see Editorial to this volume). Among these are issues to be solved by geologists, palaeontologists and oceanographers, such as the exact timing of the final ocean gateway opening and the onset of a vigorous circum-Antarctic current system (Barker and Burrell, 1977; Barker and Thomas, 2004; Mackensen, 2004; Thomson*). Furthermore, the use of molecular approaches for the timing of biogeographic, radiation and extinction events has by no means been further advanced: depending on the method applied the results may differ by several million years (Hillis et al., 1996). Thus, while it is hard to imagine how we can reach, at least in the short term, the intended close correlation between revolutionary changes in the polar environment and important biological processes, the only possible way out is close cooperation between disciplines, as is intended for the upcoming International Polar Year. In the following an attempt is made to briefly summarise some of the results presented in this second IBMANT volume. They contribute to, and to some extent complement, the major issues and questions presented in the Foreword, and may therefore be seen as an updating of knowledge on biological interactions between the Magellan region and the Antarctic. A traditional view is to see the Antarctic as an ecosystem that is almost perfectly isolated by deep SCI. MAR., 69 (Suppl. 2): 359-365 SCIENTIA MARINA 2005

The Magellan-Antarctic Connection: links and frontiers at southern high latitudes. Summary review