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The rise and fall of mean sea level are non-uniform around the global oceans. Their long-term regional trend and variability are intimately linked to the fluctuations and changes in the climate system. In this study, geographical patterns of sea level change derived from altimetric data over the period 1993-2015 were partitioned into large-scale oscillations allied with prevailing climatic factors after an empirical orthogonal function analysis. Taking into account the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), the sea level change deduced from the multiple regression showed a better estimate than the simple linear regression thanks to significantly larger coefficients of determination and narrower confidence intervals. Regional patterns associated with climatic factors varied greatly in different basins, notably in the eastern and western regions of the Pacific Ocean. The PDO exhibited a stronger impact on long-term spatial change in mean sea level than the ENSO in various parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as of the subtropics and along the equator. Further improvements in the signal decomposition technique and physical understanding of the climate system are needed to better attain the signature of climatic factors on regional mean sea level.

Long-term regional trend and variability of mean sea level during the satellite altimetry era