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this article extends the existing literature on the internal migration patterns of the foreign-born in Spain. We analyze the spatial distribution of immigrants and their patterns of mobility at different levels. Socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants and characteristics of places of origin and destination are considered. We also examine repeat migration, duration of residence in each destination, as well as return migration within Spain. to this end, we make use of a new micro database corresponding to the National Immigrant Survey (encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, eNI-2007). KeywoRDS descriptive analysis, Immigration in Spain, Internal migration patterns of the foreign-born, National Immigrant Survey. ReSumen este artículo contribuye a la literatura sobre la migración interna de los inmigrantes nacidos fuera de españa. en él se analiza la distribución espacial y las pautas de movilidad de los inmigrantes, considerando aspectos como las características sociodemográficas de los individuos y las características de los orígenes y destinos dentro de españa. también se analiza la emigración repetida, la duración de la residencia en cada destino y la emigración de retorno (dentro de españa). para todo ello, se utiliza la nueva base de datos micro derivada de la encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, eNI-2007. PalabRaS clave Inmigración en españa, movilidad interna de los inmigrantes, análisis descriptivo, encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes (eNI-2007). 168 • davId reHer and JavIer SILveStre rIS Monographic. iMMigration in Spain: innovative perSpectiveS, 167-188, 2011. ISSN: 0034-9712 intRoDucción1 most european nations have experienced important immigration over the past two decades. this phenomenon was, to a large extent, the result of a need for labor throughout europe (Hooghe et al. 2008). Spain, which had been a predominantly emigrant country until the late 1970s, has not been an exception to this process (see, for example, massey et al. 1998; Venturini 2004). In fact, during the first years of the 21st Century (at least until the recent economic crisis) Spain became one of the main destinations both in europe and worldwide (United Nations 2006; dolado y vázquez 2007; International organization for migration 2008). the evolution of immigration to Spain can be divided into three general periods (Izquierdo 1996; Arango 2004; Cachón 2006). Until 1985 the majority of immigrants were employees of european multinational corporations or retirees, followed by political exiles from Latin america. the number and variety of immigrants from Latin america, North Africa, Eastern Europe and, though lesser, Asia increased gradually between 1985 and the end of the 20th Century. Despite this, the massive increase of immigration as well as its social, political and economic repercussions actually took place during the first years of the 21st century. Currently, immigration has become a “structural” characteristic of Spanish society. one of the most visible aspects of immigration is the spatial distribution and/or the mobility of immigrants who have reached the host society. the analysis of internal migration of immigrants (movements within any given country) provides information about three traditional themes present on migration research agendas: its causes, its impact on the host country and the process of integration and assimilation of immigrants themselves. In the first place, it is important to bear in mind that international immigrants are a special group insofar as they have already undertaken at least one migratory move (Nogle 1994). Secondly, gathering reliable information on the migratory trajectories of immigrants is important when designing policy regarding population, society and the economy in host countries (for example, Bartel, 1989; Chiswick and Miller 2004). Finally, it has been shown that spatial mobility can become a migrant strategy used to accelerate or alter a person’s process of integration into the new country (for example, see Massey 1985; Alba and Nee 1997; Iceland 2009). In this article the spatial distribution and internal mobility of foreign-born immigrants to Spain is studied. this paper contributes to the existing specialized literature on the subject with a detailed analysis of patterns of mobility based on the microdata taken 1 We would like to thank María Isabel Sánchez Domínguez and especially Patricia Pérez Cubillo for their able assistance with the eNI database. this research was funded by the grants from the ministerio de Educación (SEJ2005-02396/SOCI) and from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (CSO2008-03616/ SOCI). INterNaL mIgratIoN patterNS oF ForeIgN-BorN ImmIgraNtS... • 169 rIS Monographic. iMMigration in Spain: innovative perSpectiveS, 167-188, 2011. ISSN: 0034-9712 from the National Immigrant Survey (eNI-2007).2 the article is organized in the following way. In the next section, a brief literature review referring to this subject in Spain will be undertaken. In the subsequent sections, a descriptive analysis will be carried out on the socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants, the main patterns of their internal mobility (origin/destination) and the typology and frequency of repeat internal migrations. the article finishes with a section summarizing the main conclusions. the inteRnal mobility of immigRantS in SPain. a bRief Review of the liteRatuRe the existing bibliography on spatial distribution and patterns of mobility among immigrants is most abundant in the United States, followed by Canada and Australia. Studies of this subject in european countries are much less frequent. Understandably, the existing literature on this subject in Spain is not abundant because in comparison to other countries mass immigration to Spain is a comparatively recent phenomenon. the main conclusions obtained from these studies on Spain can be summarized as follows:3 a) International immigrants show a propensity to move within Spain that is three or four times higher than that of natives. b) the spatial concentration of immigrants is different from that of natives. despite this, it is also clear that a large number of immigrants live in the four autonomous regions (Madrid, Catalonia, Valencia and Andalusia) where most of the Spanish population lives. In addition, the degree to which (and the way) immigrants concentrate spatially varies according to their country of origin. c) the debate regarding the causes of internal migration in Spain remains open, in the sense that the importance of migration networks or economic factors, practically the only causes analyzed so far, may vary according to the study used.4 2 the main characteristics of the encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes 2007 (sample size, sampling techniques, representativeness, fieldwork, limitations, etc), as well as its main advantages with respect to other existing datasets, are explained in reher et al. (2008) and reher y requena (2009), as well as in the rest of the articles included in this special issue of the Revista Internacional de Sociología. the webpage of the Spanish Statistical Office (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) (www.ine.es) includes additional information as well as the micro database itself. 3 From the ample data offered by these studies, we highlight here the conclusions that are close to the main focus of this present article. We will return to this subject later on. the publications consulted are: Recaño (2002, 2004, 2008), García Coll (2005), Lamela (2006), Martínez Buján and Villares (2006), Recaño and domingo (2006), recaño and roig (2006), ródenas and martí (2006), dolado and vázquez (2007), López trigal (2008) and martí and ródenas (2008). 4 the existence of migration networks is normally considered to be based on the shared social capital of its members. According to Alejandro Portes (1995: 12), social capital refers to “the capacity of individuals to command scarce resources by virtue of their membership in networks or broader social structures”. 170 • davId reHer and JavIer SILveStre rIS Monographic. iMMigration in Spain: innovative perSpectiveS, 167-188, 2011. ISSN: 0034-9712 In this sense, the recent paper by reher and Silvestre (2009), based on the National Immigrant Survey 2007 (henceforth, eNI) introduces some variations with respect to the studies mentioned earlier. In the first place, and with respect to the type of data used, the eNI has the distinct advantage of including all types of internal movement, including moves within a given province, and refers to “non-natives” rather than to “foreigners”. Secondly, the vast amount of individual data offered by the eNI enables the authors to empirically test the main theories explaining the propensity to move (within the host country) of immigrants. the main results of this study show how the accumulation of human capital, in the form of formal education and knowledge of Spanish, provides an important incentive for internal mobility among immigrants.5 Immigrants with higher incomes, on the other hand, are less likely to move, though it was also shown that a certain minimum level of income is necessary for internal movement.6 the impact of migration networks on the propensity to move is more noticeable when based on family members and less so in the case of networks made up of friends and acquaintances. other results included in reher and Silvestre (2009), for example, show that the longer an immigrant has been residing in Spain, the greater the propensity to internal migration. this result underscores the importance of acquiring information regarding the labor market and the host society. moreover, the propensity to move, once we control for the rest of the variables in the model, is strongly influenced by the world region of birth, a result indicating that different immigrant groups (by origin) can develop distinctly different labor and integration strategies.7 the next sections of this paper are intended to deepen our analysis of the spatial dis

Internal Migration Patterns of Foreign-Born Immigrants in Spain. A study based on the National Immigrant Survey (ENI-2007)