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Aim: High mountains in the Mediterranean region of Europe are particularly rich in endemic vascular plants. We aimed to compare the altitudinal patterns of vascular plant species richness and the proportion of endemic species in two Mediterranean region: Lefka Ori on the island of Crete (Greece) and Sierra Nevada on the Iberian peninsula.\udLocation: Sierra Nevada, Granada (Spain); Lefka Ori, Crete (Greece).\udMethods: Data from standardised permanent plots settings on summit sites (comprising eight plot sectors, covering the upeermost 10 altitudinal metres) of different elevations were used (GLORIA Multi-Summit approach; www.gloria.ac.at). Species numbers, rates of endemic species, and soils temperature were compared by means of ANCOVA and linear regression.\udResults: The two regions, though climatically similar, showed strikingly different patterns: In Sierra Nevada, the proportion of endemic vascular plants (species restricted to Sierra Nevada) showed a stepwise increase from the lowest to the highest summit. In contrast, the proportion of endemic species restricted to Crete was not significantly different between the four summits in Lefka Ori. In both regions the observed trends were largely consistent with the altitudinal distribution of the endemic species obtained from standard floras.\udMain conclusions: The geographic positions of the two regions, i.e. island versus mainland and the higher elevation of Sierra Nevada are suggested to be the primary causes of the observed differences.\udThe high degree of endemism in the cold environments of Mediterranean mountains??? upper bioclimatic zones indicates a pronounced vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. A continued and intensified species monitoring in the mountains around the Mediterranean basin, therefore, should be considered as a priority research task.Objetivo: Las zonas de alta monta??a en la regi??n mediterr??nea europea son particularmente ricas en plantas vasculares end??micas. Nuestro objetivo es comparar los modelos altitudinales para la riqueza de plantas vasculares y la proporci??n de endemismos en dos regiones mediterr??neas: Lefka Ori en la isla de Creta (Grecia) y Sierra Nevada en la Pen??nsula Ib??rica.\udLocalizaci??n: Sierra Nevada, Granada (Espa??a); Lefka Ori, Creta (Grecia).\udM??todo: Los datos proceden de un muestreo estandarizado en varias cimas situadas a diferentes altitudes (GLORIA Multi-Summit approach; www.gloria.ac.at). El n??mero de especies, tasas de endemicidad, y temperatura del suelo se compararon por medio de ANCOVA y regresi??n lineal.\udResultados: Las dos regiones objeto de an??lisis, aunque similares clim??ticamente, muestran patrones llamativamente diferentes: en Sierra Nevada, la proporci??n de plantas vasculares end??micas (especies restringidas a Sierra Nevada) muestra un incremento gradual desde la cima m??s baja a la m??s alta. En contraste, la proporci??n de endemismos restringidos a Creta no fue significativamente diferente entre las cuatro cimas de Lefka Ori. Las tendencias observadas en ambas regiones fueron en gran parte consistentes con la distribuci??n de las especies end??micas obtenida de las floras para cada regi??n.\udConclusiones principales: La posici??n geogr??fica de ambas regiones, por ejemplo. isla frente a continente, y la mayor elevaci??n de Sierra Nevada se sugieren como las principales causas de las diferencias observadas.\udEl alto grado de endemicidad en los ambientes fr??os de las zonas bioclim??ticas superiores de las monta??as mediterr??neas evidencia una marcada vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio clim??tico. Por lo tanto, el seguimiento continuado e intensivo de las especies de monta??a alrededor de la cuenca mediterr??nea, deber??a considerarse como una tarea investigadora prioritaria

Patterns of endemism along an elevation gradient in Sierra Nevada (Spain) and Lefka Ori (Crete, Greece)