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IZVLECEK V kmetijskih ekosistemih lahko talni skodljivci povzrocijo veliko gospodarsko skodo. Za njihovo zatiranje se najveckrat uporabi kemicna fitofarmacevtska sredstva, ki pa imajo lahko tudi negativne vplive na okolje. Raziskovalci zato preucujejo druge možnosti zatiranja tako nadzemskih kot tudi talnih skodljivih organizmov v kmetijstvu. Gibanje organizmov je povezano z zaznavanjem kemicnih dražljajev iz okolja. Studije so v zadnjih letih pokazale, da se proti kemicnim dražljajem lahko gibajo tudi naravni sovražniki skodljivcev (entomopatogene ogorcice). Govorimo o t.i. neposredni obrambi rastlin pred skodljivimi organizmi. Rastlina, ki jo je napadel herbivor, zacne v okolico sproscati kemicne signale, ki na naravne sovražnike povzrocitelja delujejo privabilno. Doslej je bilo identificiranih le nekaj kljucnih spojin, ki so odgovorne za posredovanje v tako imenovanih multitroficnih interakcijah in le nekaj genov ter biokemicnih poti, ki so odgovorne za proizvodnjo hlapljivih organskih snovi (HOS). Mnoge spojine ostajajo se vedno neznane, toda identifikacija le-teh ima velik potencial za uporabo pri varstvu rastlin. Napredki v razumevanju rastlinskih emisij in njihove vloge pri signaliziranju predstavljajo enega izmed novih nacinov manipulacije rastlinskih eksudatov, s katerimi bi izboljsali naravne obrambne lastnosti rastlin. Kljucne besede : entomopatogene ogorcice, talni skodljivci, HOS, neposredna rastlinska obramba ABSTRACT In agricultural ecosystems, soil pests can cause great economic damage. Pesticides are often used for their control, but they may also have negative effects on the environment. Researchers are therefore exploring other options for suppressing both above-ground and soil-dwelling organisms in agriculture. The movement of organisms is associated with the detection of chemical stimuli from the environment. Studies have shown in recent years that natural enemies (entomopathogenic nematodes) of pests can also move against chemical stimuli. The term is known as an indirect plant defense. The plant that has been attacked by the herbivor starts to release chemical signals to the environment, which act on the natural enemies of the pests. To date, only a few key compounds have been identified that are responsible for mediation in so-called multitrophic interactions and only a few genes and biochemical pathways that are responsible for the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many compounds remain unknown, but their identification has great potential for use in plant protection. Progress in understanding plant emissions and their role in signaling is one of the new ways to manipulate plant exudates to improve the natural defenses of plants. Key words: entomopathogenic nematodes, soil-dwelling pests, VOCs, indirect plant defense

folia biologica et geologica

Multitrofične interakcije med rastlinami, talnimi škodljivimi žuželkami ter entomopatogenimi ogorčicami / Multitrophic interaction between plants, underground pests and entomopathogenic nematodes