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The national collection of buckwheat in Ukraine consists of 578 local samples and forms of Ukrainian origin added into the collection during 1929 to 2012. In 1994-2000 and 2014-2018, the material has been studied and described, the common characteristics of samples peculiar of a certain area of origin, feature manifestation peculiarities, material flexibility and stability of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics depending on the weather in growing years have been identified. The range of studies included sample performance indicators, architectonic values, grain characteristics, and so on. A common characteristic of local buckwheat varieties is a significant sensitivity to changes in growing conditions, which is reflected in the change of growth processes (increase in the plant height by lengthening of internodes, the number of branches of the second and higher orders, the number of leaves per plant) and adjustment of the growth duration (lengthening the duration of the growing season after the onset of more favorable conditions for growth and development). The performance indicators related to the grain characteristics are quite stable. However, the general trends characteristic of plants from a certain origin of the collection material remained unchanged. Tryhub, (2019): Local buckwheat varieties of Ukrainian origin 24 INTRODUCTION Buckwheat has not become one of the most demanded crops by the international community yet. The main reason is its limited distribution around the world and low yields. However, the conclusions made in recent years concerning the maintenance of full-fledged human life, health and outstanding buckwheat plant properties indicate a significant need in buckwheat products (Kreft, 2010, Alekseeva at al., 2005). Gradually, the buckwheat products are distributed from the major regions of its traditional consumption to the new areas, where it gains the status of the core component of a healthy diet and becomes the foundation for a healthy lifestyle. As a result of in-depth study of biochemical composition of buckwheat grant and the whole plant, involving new types of crops into the research, the scientists around the world have greatly expanded the application areas of buckwheat products from traditional to exotic. To carry out this work, the genetic material with extensive properties and characteristics, most of which is concentrated in banks of plant genetic resources, is used (Alekseeva at al., 2004). Genetic diversity preservation has long been an imperative of global importance. The work to create the banks of genetic plant resources, launched more than a hundred years ago, not only validated the feasibility of this direction development, but also confirmed an unvalued contribution to ensuring food security worldwide (Alexanian, 2003). To solve scientific problems, the collection material of various eco-geographical origin and biological status is critical. However, given the importance of addressing the issue of the plant productive potential realization in contrasting environmental conditions, the study of local varieties and forms, the research of adaptive mechanisms and biochemical plant components became of paramount importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A part of the National Buckwheat Collection in Ukraine, which is stored in Ustymivska Experimental Station of Plant Production (Poltavs’ka region), includes over 1,600 authentic samples, of which 1.1 thousand samples are the local varieties and forms of the common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) (Tryhub at al., 2015). 578 samples in the collection have Ukrainian origin. The material included in the collection is the result of its collection by employees of the N. I. Vavilov All-Union Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR, Leningrad) during the missions (Fesenko at al., 2006), by researchers of Ternopil Breeding and Research Station, the Research Institute of Agriculture and Livestock of the Western Regions of Ukraine led by Olena Alekseeva (Alekseeva, 1967), as well as employees of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, assisted by the Ustymivska Experimental Station of Plant Production (Kirjan at al. 2014) in the territory of Ukraine from 1929 to 2012. As regards the ecological and geographical origin, there are samples from 18 regions. These are the representatives of the Carpathian region, Woodlands, Forest Steppe and Steppe zones. The overwhelming majority is the samples from the North, Central and Western parts of Ukraine, and a small number comes from the Eastern and Southern regions (see Table 1 and Pic. 1). Natural-climatic zones and regions of Ukraine Number of accesses Forest Steppe 294 Kyivs’ka (part) 12 Sums’ka (part) 60 Khmel’nyts’ka 11 Ternopil’s’ka 34 Cherkas’ka 9 Poltavs’ka 70 Vinnyts’ka 58 Kharkivs’ka 40 Steppe 20 Kirovohrads’ka 8 Dnipropetrovs’ka 4 Odes’ka 8 Polissya and Carpathian region 264 Zakarpats’ka 8 Ivano-Frankivs’ka 19 L’vivs’ka 36 Rivnens’ka 11 Volyns’ka 8 Chernihivs’ka 128 Kyivs’ka (part) 8 Sums’ka (part) 24 Zhytomyrs’ka 22 Total 578 Table 1. Distribution of origin of the local sample collection by climatic zone of Ukraine Fagopyrum 36(1):23-29 (2019) 25 The research of the collection material of buckwheat varieties and forms was carried out as required by the “Complete unified classifier of the genus Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill.)” (Tryhub at al., 2013), “Descriptors for buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.)” (Descriptors..., 1994) , “Guidelines for the study of collection samples of corn, sorghum and groats” (Krotov, 1968), “Analysis of the structure of buckwheat plants (Methodical recommendations)” (Bochkareva, 1994). The material study and description was carried out in several stages during 1994-2000 and 2014-2018, and the results obtained were compared to the standard variety of Ukrainka. The common characteristics of samples peculiar of a certain area of origin, feature manifestation peculiarities, material flexibility and stability of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics depending on the weather in growing years have been identified. The range of studies included the sample performance indicators (the number of seeds and buds per plant, inflorescence yield), architectonic parameters (plant height, number of branches and inflorescences, height of attachment of the inflorescences and branches, the length of the branching and grain production zone), grain characteristics (grain size, evenness and husk content), the length of the growing season and its components, and so on. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To obtain high and stable buckwheat yields, it is required to continue creating new varieties combining high performance, friendly maturation, resistance to drought, temperatures below zero, lodging, grain shattering, pests and diseases, as well as a high grain quality. For this purpose, in selection, as noted by N.I. Vavilov, we need to use the local material subjected to prolonged exposure to natural selection and adapted to specific conditions. This material has great value, and is widely used in selection (Korynyak at al., 2017). It should be noted that in terms of soil and climatic conditions, the research region, namely the south of Poltavs’ka region (central part of Ukraine, Forest Steppe zone) is one of the most favorable for growing buckwheat. Still, it has recently been affected by the ongoing significant climate change towards higher temperatures during flowering and insufficient precipitation during initial growth, which is typical for most areas of buckwheat cultivation in Ukraine. These trends are typical for most regions of the world where the buckwheat is sown. The features of sign manifestation were identified based on a set of researches conducted in two stages. The samples were studied following a three-year cycle during 19942000 and 2014-2018. The first cycle of study (19942000) was remarkable for more favorable weather conditions with precipitation and temperature regime of the growing season close to the average long-term data. The second cycle of study (2014-2018) was characterized by a high temperature in summer and a significant lack of moisture in the spring. The data obtained in the course of study indicate a considerable variety of feature manifestations by the local plant varieties and forms. There is a considerable dependence in the levels of feature manifestation on climatic zones of the sample origin. A significant impact on the plant characteristics was exercised by the climatic factors, precipitation and temperature regime during the years of cultivation. However, a set of the studied traits showed the characteristic, genetically determined features of samples and allowed describing the quantitative and qualitative material characteristics. Given the considerable heterogeneity of the climatic zones of Ukraine in terms of soil conditions, heat and precipitation, the entire buckwheat gene pool of these areas has been further divided into smaller, but more similar regions. To characterize the samples from the western regions of Ukraine, the classification proposed of Olena Alekseeva (Alekseeva, 1999) was applied. For other areas, the author’s classification was applied. Fig. 1. Territorial distribution of origin of the local buckwheat samples (name of district and number of samples). Tryhub, (2019): Local buckwheat varieties of Ukrainian origin 26 Samples from Forest Steppe of Ukraine In terms of soil and climatic conditions, the Forest Steppe Zone was subdivided into western, central and eastern parts, each with its own characteristics, significantly differing among themselves, but with rather similar buckwheat growing conditions within each part. The western part includes the samples from Khmel’nyts’ka, Ternopil’s’ka and Vinnyts’ka regions, having more precipitation as compared to the other parts of the Forest Steppe Zone, and their more even distribution during the vegetation period, lower average daily temperatures and fertile so

Research results of local buckwheat varieties and forms of Ukrainian origin