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A review of past research oil the hydrogeology of the Classical Karst (Kras) region and new information obtained from a two-year Study using environmental tracers are presented ill this paper. The main problems addressed are 1) the Sources of water to the Kras aquifer resurgence zone-including the famous Timavo springs-under changing flow regimes; 2) a quantification of the storage volumes of the karst massif-corresponding to flow regimes defined by hydrograph recessions of the Timavo springs; and 3) changing dynamics between deep phreatic conduit flow and shallow phreatic and epiphreatic storage within the aquifer resurgence zone as determined through changes ill chemical and isotopic composition at springs and wells. Particular focus was placed oil addressing the long-standing question of the influence of the So a River on the ground waters of the aquifer resurgence zone. The results indicate that the alluvial aquifer supplied by the sinking of the So a River oil the northwestern edge of the massif contributes approximately 75% of the mean annual outflow to the smaller springs of the aquifer resurgence zone, and as much as 53% to the mean annual Outflow of the Timavo springs. As a whole, the So a River is estimated to contribute 56% of the average outflow of the Kras aquifer resurgence. The proportions of Soca a River water increase under drier conditions, and decrease under wetter conditions. Time series analysis of oxygen stable isotope records indicate that the transit time of Soca River water to the Timavo springs, Sardos spring, and well B-4 is on the order of 1-2 months, depending oil hydrological conditions. The total baseflow storage of the Timavo springs is estimated to be 5 18 million m3, and represents 88.5% of the storage capacity estimated for all flow regimes of (lie springs. The ratio of baseflow storage volume to the average annual volume discharged at the Timavo springs is 0.54. The Reka River sinking ill Slovenia supplies substantial allogenic recharge to the aquifer; however, its influence on the northwest resurgence zone is limited to the Timavo springs, and is only a significant component of the spring discharge Under flood conditions for relatively brief periods (several days to weeks). Sustainability, Of the trans-boundary aquifer Of the KraS Will benefic from maintaining high water quality in the Soca River, as well as focused water tracing experiments within the epiphreatic zone of the aquifer to better delineate the recharge zone and to identify Sources of potential contamination to the Brestovica water supply well.

acta carsologica

Hydrologic Connections and Dynamics of Water Movement in the Classical Karst (Kras) Aquifer: Evidence from Frequement Chemical and Stable Isotope Samoling