Niacin Status Impacts Chromatin Structure 1–3

Niacin is required to form NAD and NADP, which are involved in many essential redox reactions in cellular metabolism. In addition, NAD(+) acts as a substrate for a variety of ADP-ribosylation reactions, including poly- and mono-ADP-ribosylation of proteins, formation of cyclic ADP-ribose, and the generation of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose in deacetylation reactions. These nonredox reactions are critical in the regulation of cellular metabolism, and they are sensitive to dietary niacin status. There are 4 known mechanisms by which ADP-ribosylation reactions directly regulate chromatin structure. These include the covalent modification of histones with poly(ADP-ribose), the extraction of histones from chromatin by noncovalent binding to poly(ADP-ribose) on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, poly ADP-ribosylation of telomeric repeat-binding factor-1 within telomeres, and deacetylation of histones by the sirtuins. These reactions produce a variety of localized effects in chromatin structure, and altered function in response to changes in niacin status may have dramatic effects on genomic stability, cell division and differentiation, and apoptosis.