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Two main conceptions of the economic identity of Europe have developed within the European Economic Community (EEC) since the 1960s. On the one hand, « referee Europe » is based on regulated liberalism. European and national institutions should intervene to monitor markets, but their actions must remain neutral. This vision led to consensual policies such as the « common Market ». It also triggered more controversial projects, such as competition policy. On the other hand, a vision of a « voluntarist Europe » developed, based on clear political choices. It led to various projects in industrial and regional policy. This conception of identity is more political and less technocratic, but more difficult to implement

Les identités économiques européennes en débat dans les années 1960 : « Europe arbitre » et Europe volontariste